The study was carried out in the insect laboratory of the Department of Plant Protection at the College of Agriculture and Forestry at the University of Mosul in 2023. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of castor plant extracts (seeds, leaves, oil) against the Callosobruchus maculatus, which was used at concentrations of 1%, 3%, and 100%. 5. The results showed that the most effective extracts in separating the number of eggs per female was castor oil at a concentration of 5% at a rate of 8.33 eggs/female, which was reflected in the number of insects emerging, as it reached 10.33 insects for castor oil at a concentration of 5% compared to the rest of the extracts, and with regard to the effect of the extracts on insect productivity. Castor oil also showed a clear superiority in this, and at a concentration of 5%, it reached 6.96% when compared with the rest of the extracts. The effect of the castor plant extracts had a clear effect in reducing the percentage of damage caused by the southern cowpea beetle, as the seed, leaf, and oil extracts reached 16.66, 35, and 8%. respectively. Which shows the superiority of castor oil at a concentration of 5% in this characteristic when compared with the control treatment. The effect of the extracts also had a clear effect on the germination rate, with slight significant differences in the effect of the castor plant extracts compared to the control treatment experiment.

A review of the role of industrial microbiology in a regime of economic collapse is discussed. The role of some microorganisms as intervention candidates whether in production, environmental sustainability and safety is highlighted. Further attention is drawn to the need to pay special focus on microbes as beneficial in times of need.

This study was carried out for 8 weeks to determine the growth and nutrient utilization of Clarias gariepinus fed varying levels of cassava peels. Two hundred (200) fingerlings of Clarias gariepinus with mean weight of 6.45 ± 0.02 were obtained from a reputable fish hatchery and were acclimatized for seven days before distribution into the various hapas. Five diets were formulated with varying levels of cassava peel at 0% (Diet 1), 2.5% (Diet 2), 5% (Diet 3), 7.5% (Diet 4) and 10% (Diet 5). Fingerlings were fed twice daily at 5% body weight and weighed weekly to determine weight increment and also the quantity of feed was adjusted accordingly. The result of the growth response and nutrient utilization of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings showed that mean initial weight (MIW) did not differed significantly (P˃0.05) for all the Diets, but there were significant difference (P˂0.05) for Mean final weight (MFW) which ranges from (10.63± 0.32) (Diet 1) to 14.88 ± 0.58 (Diet 5). Mean weight gain (MWG) differed significantly (P˂0.05) with the highest value obtained in Diet 5 (8.43 ±0.058) while the lowest was in Diet 1 (4.18±0.32). Specific growth rate (SGR) varied significantly (P˂ 0.05) with the highest value recorded in Diet 5 (1.49±0.07) while the lowest was in Diet 1 (0.89±0.05). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) differed significantly (P˂0.05) with the lowest value obtained in Diet 5 (4.46 ± 0.18) while the highest value was recorded in Diet 1 (6.83 ± 0.35). Also, Protein efficiency ratio (PER) varied significantly (P˂ 0.05) with the highest value recorded in Diet 5 (0.241 ±0.017) while the lowest value was recorded in Diet 1 (0.119±0.009).Apparent net protein utilization (ANPU) also differed significantly (P˂0.05) and it ranged from 6.69±0.03 (Diet 3) to 8.71± 0.14 (Diet 2). Survival rate differed significantly (P˂0.05) and it ranged from 60.0% (Diet 4) to 77.50 ± 2.50% (Diet 1). The increasing demand for fish and the high cost of conventional feed ingredients coupled with competition for maize by both man and animal, it is therefore necessary to investigate the possibility of using cassava peel meal in the diet of Clarias gariepinus at varying levels of inclusion. Cassava peel is not consumed by man unlike maize; therefore using cassava peels in the diet of Clarias gariepinus can reduce the cost of making feeds for the culturable species. Clarias gariepinus performed optimally on diet containing 10% inclusion of cassava peels with respect to weight gain, specific growth rate, and protein efficiency ratio.

Siderophores are iron chelating compounds secreted by microorganisms to overcome the limitations and toxicity of iron for the regulation, storage and acquisition of heme uptake, degradation, Reductive iron assimilation. Aspergillus fumigatus is a saprophytic, air borne fungal pathogen of humans. A crucial role played by this fungal siderophore in a murine model of asperigillosis of the biosynthetic pathway for the virulence. A. fumigatus secretes Fusarinines C (FsC), Triacetylfusarinine C (TAFC) siderophores together extracellularly for the uptake and mobilization and Ferricrocin (FC), Hydroxyferricrocin (HFC) intracellularly for the storage and distribution of iron. Hydroxylation of orthinine is the precursor of arginine is involved in biosynthesis of fungal siderophores. Metabolism, Sensing of iron, uptake and regulation factors in A. fumigatus is not only through the two central transcription factors connected to a negative loop, GATA (SreA) and bZip (HapX) but also through the srbA and ergosterol biosynthesis. Deactivation in either of genes confines growth during iron starvation and sufficiency. For Iron transporting systems in fungi adopts four different mechanisms for the chelation of fe III ions and make it available in ferrous form for the appropriate absorption and function in plants.

Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are the major nutrients required for the proper growth and development of the maize crop. Among N P K, Potassium (K) is an essential nutrient for plant growth which cannot be replaced by other nutrients. An experiment was carried out at Sundarbazar, Lamjung during May-June 2015 in diffused light condition to find the effect of K on two varieties of maize viz. RatoMakai and QPM. Maize genotypes were grown under four treatment combinations of K (control, 17kgha-1, 22 kgha-1 and 27 kgha-1). Four replication of treatment were arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design. QPM showed 13% and 9% more plant height than RatoMakai under control and 27 kgha-1 treatment respectively. Similarly, 16% more height was observed in QPM at 27 kgha-1 over control and 19% more height in RatoMakai in same case. The biomass accumulation (root and shoot) in both maize genotype were found greater in case of 27 kgha-1 than control. But, in comparison between these two genotype QPM variety showed higher biomass accumulation than RatoMakai variety in all level of treatments. QPM seemed to be suitable genotype over RatoMakai in this environmental condition, that showed good results towards all parameters at various level of treatment.

As we know that urdbean is an important crop of India. It plays an important role for the farming community as a whole for socio-economic development. India is considered as the largest producer of pulses in the world. During 2020-21 about 4703.35 thousand hectares of land in India has been occupied by urdbean crop. Looking at the increasing importance of urdbean crop, the present study has been carried out to examine the growth trends in terms of area, production and productivity of ​this crop in India. An attempt has also been made to measure the performance of major urdbean producing states of India. The present study is based on secondary data. In order to analyze the data, statistical tools such as t test, correlation, annual growth rate and coefficient of variation methods have been used. The study shows that the annual growth rate in terms of area, production and yield have a positive sign. The area used in urdbean crop and its production tends to fluctuate as there are many factors that affect urdbean cultivation such as climatic conditions, nature of soil and government price policies etc.

Linkage between natural resources, ecosystems and disaster resilience in changing climate is recognized fact. In India, fisheries sector is one of the major sources of livelihood and especially for those who are living in the coastal area contributing to around 0.91% to the total Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country. Fisheries has the prospects to meet many of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) viz., poverty, hunger and feed security; reconstruction management of inland water resources, ecosystem and biodiversity; economic growth, employment and decent work; consumption and production; etc. However, this sector is being challenged by climate change and disaster impacts such as cyclones, floods, droughts, tsunami, sea level rise, etc. As such appropriate mitigation strategy and adaptation measure is needed which will help in minimizing the negative impacts and increase the resilience of the fisheries sector. This paper enumerates the effect of changing climate in fisheries sector and delineates the mitigation and adaptation strategies towards resilient fisheries system and resources in a holistic framework.

This study was designed to assess the risk management strategies used by smallholder farmers in Nsukka local government area. The broad objective of this study was to assess the risk management strategies used by peasant farmers and how these can be improved upon. The specific objectives were to: (i) identify and describe risks faced by peasant farmers and its impacts on their production, (ii) identify and describe the risk management strategies employed, and (iii) examine the factors affecting risk averseness among pesant farmers. A multi stage random sampling technique was used to select 100 famers. Primary data was used and were collected using well-structured questionnaire and personal interview method. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics like mean, frequencies, Likert rating scales and Probit regression. The results showed that risk from deficiency in rainfall, excess rainfall, heat, pest and diseases, unexpected variability of yields, unexpected variability of product prices, unexpected variability in input prices,changes political and economic situation, fire and drought imposed serious threats to the respondents’ farming operations and these risky situations had caused low farm income, increased input prices, increased need to borrow, decreased savings, migration to cities and low farm yield. The factors identified to have significant effect on their perception regarding taking risk in agriculture were gender, age, farming experience, extra skill, farm income and off farm income. The risk managements strategies adopted were having diversified crop, animal or other enterprise, storing feed and seed reserves, planting several varieties of crops, applying pests and diseases control program, having a water reservoir, planting and rearing disease resistant varieties of crops and animal, planting and rearing improved varieties of crops and animal, spreading sale over several time and period, obtaining market information on prices forecast and trends, reduced debt level, leasing farm machinery rather than owning them, working off farm to supplement net farm income and investing in nonfarm investment businesses in other to reduce the risky situations. The study therefore recommends that government should provide effective and well-functioning credit schemes and facilities and agricultural banks basically for agricultural projects so that farmers can easily get the necessary and timely financial support they need to boost and expand productivity.

This research assessed how waste discharges from abattoir affect water quality in Anwai river within Asaba region of southern Nigeria. The study which adopted the experimental design was conducted in Anwai river, where abattoir wastes are directly discharged into the river. Anwai river was divided into two main sections, by stratified sampling, as downstream and upstream, representing the experimental and control sites respectively. Samples of water were taken for 6 months from February 2020 to July 2020. Two water samples each were collected monthly from both downstream and upstream sections respectively giving rise to 24 water samples that were collected. The samples of water were taken between 7.am and 8.am and analysed in laboratory for Physico-chemical characteristics which are pH, electrical conductivity, temperature, total dissolve solid (TDS), calcium, phosphate, sulphate, dissolve oxygen, iron, ammonia, magnesium, total hardness, chloride, nitrate, BOD, sodium, COD, TSS and Microbial load. Results of laboratory analyses were further analysed with the mean, standard deviation, standard error of mean, t-test and linear regression statistics using the SPSS 15.0 version; while graphs were plotted using MS Excel. Results revealed that the water quality in Anwai river differ significantly between the downstream section and upstream section; while abattoir waste has significant impact on water quality and characteristics in Anwai river at 5% levels of confidence. Since abattoir waste impact on the water quality in Anwai river, the need for environmental management and pollution control is recommended to restore water quality and ecosystem functions within the river.

Tea (Camellia sinensis) is the world-famous perennial crop and its leaves have a good taste distinguish as "Dew of heaven". Several agronomic practices should have followed during the cultivation of tea and maintain the tea bushes. As well as harvesting methods also important to the ultimate quality of tea. Thereby, without practicing proper agronomic and harvesting practices seems to have a lot of disadvantages. Thus, this study was aimed to find out the effect of agronomic and harvesting practices on the yield of tea to advert the farmers for relevant recommended practices of tea. This study was carried out as a questionnaire-based survey at Passara area, Uva province, Sri Lanka. After carried out this survey, satisfactory results were received. The findings of the survey can be concluded as follows. The majority of high-yielding category farmers were young. All high yielding category farmers had small tea lands and the majority of high and medium yielding farmers cultivated TRI 2025 Tea variety and recommended agronomic and harvesting practices were adapted by those farmers .

The Mima water shade covers an area of 1031hactar and the Mima water shade is one of the main streams draining into Afa River. The water shade is found at the distance of 24kms from Assosa town on the way to Addis Ababa through Bambasi District of Benishangul Gumuz Regional State. Baseline data was collected for biophysical (vegetation) parameters. The baseline data collection is built around seven transects by the use of blocks of 10 m2 in size. Hence, in each block the sampling size is 54 plots. This baseline assessment presents the results of the data collected from the combination of field and on farm surveys in three blocks of the Mima water shade. Interpretation and management recommendations are based solely on the data and do represent a consensus view between the project and the survey results. It is imperative that before initiating any activities in the respective blocks, more information be collected for the targeted area chosen for interventions. The result of the evaluation showed that the water shade is poorly contained in its both physical and biological structures. However, the surrounding environment specially the border to south of the water shade commonly known as Anbessa Forest is an opportunity to enrich the water table and biodiversity of the water shade. It should be noted that recommendations made within this report are not based on any dialog with communities. It is therefore vital for the Project to establish a dialog with the target communities and farmers. These communities and farmers need to be actively involved in the process of prioritizing activities. Thus the information contained within the report should provide support to the field officers of Mima model water shade, but the ultimate decisions concerning priorities need to be made based upon consensus between the communities and the Project

Raw material inventory is goods purchased which are made into raw materials in a production process. One important factor in a business is the supply of raw materials which are the main source in the course of production. This study aims to determine the process of making tempe, find out the optimum supply of raw materials, analyze business feasibility and find out opportunities and constraints on tempe craftsmen. This research uses census method with a population of 42 tempe craftsmen. The analysis used to analyze raw material inventory is EOQ analysis using POM software. For business feasibility analysis using the R / C ratio. The results showed that after being analyzed using the EOQ method, the optimal number of purchases of raw materials increases with the decreasing frequency of purchases that can be applied at the study site in order to reduce inventory costs. In terms of the feasibility of making tempe, it can already be said to be feasible to be cultivated because it has an R/C ratio value in 2018 of 1.19 and in 2019 of 1.17.

Stress is something which our body demands or threat. It causes the body to flood with hormones that prepare its systems to evade or confront danger. It requires an adjustment or response. Stress is harmful when people engage in the compulsive use of substances or behaviors to relieve their stress. These substances or behaviors include food, alcohol, tobacco, drugs, gambling, sex, shopping, and the Internet. The advent of new tools and techniques of digital world introduced concept of Techno-Stress which most of the professionals are facing today. The library professionals are also being a part of techno world, they are also facing Techno- Stress. The precautions or measures can overcome the situations of stress in the life of working professionals. The working environment needs to be stress away for well being and growth of working professionals. Discrimination and harassment at work should never be a part of working environment as it may cause serious results for a person undergoing stress resulting in different diseases or cause to death.