The gas compressibility factor is used to calculate many properties of natural gases and it is therefore essential in most gas engineering Gas compressibility factor is necessary in most natural gas engineering calculations. The most common sources of z-factor values are experimental measurements, equation of state and empirical correlations. Natural gases, which contain H2S and CO2 frequently, exhibit different compressibility factor behavior than do sweet gases. Wichert and Aziz and others developed a simple procedure to account for these differences and adjust the pseudocritical properties of natural gases. During this study, this research focuses on estimate compressibility factor values which calculate for Wafa gas field contains non-hydrocarbon components. It is found gas compressibility values increases with the increase in the proportion of non-hydrocarbon compounds in the gas mixture, In addition, the value of Z-factor increases with the increase in the pseudo-reduced temperature (Tr). Also, it is observed that the pseudo-critical temperature increases with the increase in nitrogen (N2).

Due to the increasing demand of agricultural products which results from rapid increase in urbanization, it has become essential for a method to increase agricultural productivity by using various means to boost agricultural yields. The use of fertilizers have been found to be very helpful in achieving the targets of food production, but with the tremendous use of the chemical (inorganic) fertilizer, the soil physicochemical parameters have been seriously affected, as this approach causes depletion in the essential minerals of the soil which in turn reduces soil fertility. So to overcome this challenge, it has become imperative to adopt a different approach which will serve as a replacement and remedy. Hence the adoption of biofertilizers also known as organic fertilizer becomes an eco-friendly approach. The application of biofertilizers (microbial inoculants) is a promising technology for future sustainable farming systems in view of rapidly decreasing phosphate stocks and the need to more efficiently use of available nitrogen. Various microbial taxa are currently used as biofertilizers, based on their capacity to access nutrients from fertilizers and soil stocks, to fix atmospheric nitrogen, to improve water uptake or to act as bio-control agents. The use of biofertilizers as a supplement has proven to give protection to plant by releasing antibiotics which are capable to fight many plant pathogens. Biofertilizers also protect the plants from salinity and drought stress. They are also economical and safe inputs which provide a wide scope for research in the areas of organic farming and development of stress free environment.

Afield experiment was conducted during 2017and 2018 summer to investigate the effects of water stress and plant growth regulators namely gibberellins GA and Nephthaline Acetic Acid NAA on Morphological, Physiological and Biochemical attributes of soybean. The watering tress treatments were irrigation every 10 (W1)and 20 days(W2), and eight plant growth regulators levels (0,50, 75 and 100 ppm designated as GA0, GA50 ,GA75 and GA100 (gibberellins) also, NAA0, NAA20 ,NAA25 and NAA30 corresponding to 0, 20, 25 and 30 ppm, respectively. The experiment was arranged as split plot trail in RCBD with three replications. Characters studied included: plant height, LAI, stem diameter whereas physiological attributes were leaf area duration(LAD), net assimilation rate(NAR) and relative growth rate (RGR) and seed protein content as biochemical parameter. The results showed that prolonged watering interval significantly reduced all these attributes. In conclusion, spraying soybean plants with GA100 or NAA25 significantly increased morphological traits and particularly under frequent watering regime which was associated with significant increases in physiological characters (CGR, NAR and LAD) and seed protein content.

Worldwide, the stress on the freshwater resources is increasing due to population growth and rapid industrialization. Libya is considered as one of the countries which suffer from limited water resources availability. Groundwater is an important water resource in both the urban and rural areas of Libya. To evaluate the quality of groundwater for multiple purposes in the Abyar aera with regard to Physical, Chemical, Heavy Metals and Microbiological.The study conducted in Al-Abyar Regin on seven wells;duration from July 2018 to July 2019, for the following’s parameters, Physical pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Temperature (0C), Total dissolved Solids (TDS), Chemical Total Hardness (TH), Total Alkalinity (T. Alk), Sulphate (SO4), Nitrate (NO3), Chloride (Cl), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Potassium (K), Sodium (Na), Bicarbonate (HCO3), Heavy Metals Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cr), Lead (Pb), Iron (Fe), and Microbiological total coliforms and Total Bacterial counts, and analysis of Results done with Excel as well as spss. Results showed that; Electrical Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids, total hardness, Calcium, Chloride and total bacterial count were higher than WHO standard. Bicarbonate level was higher than WHO standard in most of the wells. Most of wells were higher than WHO standard with regard of Nitrate. all wells were higher than WHO as well as Libyan standard with regard cadmium, Iron and lead. While temperature, Ph, potassium were normal. All wells were very good for animal consumption, good for domestic purposes, and very acceptable for poultry, some wells may be used in paper industry, Textile, canning and drinks industry.Repair and maintain the wells should be one of the most priority to improve socioeconomic status in Al-Abyar region, and monitor the water quality periodically in essential.

Gute-19 potential candidate soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] Variety with pedigree of PM 12-3 was evaluated against the check and other genotypes for seed yield, agronomic characters and disease reaction at Bako, Billo Boshe and Gute experimental sites from 2016/2017 to 2017/2018. Gute-19 variety was verified for possible release in 2019 at on farm and on station across all areas listed above. The pipeline variety PM 12-3 showed 22.3% oil content, and seed yield of 2779.1 kg ha-1, respectively. It was resistant to bacterial blight and bacterial pustule. The result of multi-environment yield trials showed that PM 12-3 outperformed the standard check (PRAC-3) by 20.1 % in seed yield and comparable in oil content. The variety was evaluated by the national variety releasing committee. It was resistant to bacterial blight and bacterial pustule. The stability analysis showed that the variety stable in grain yield performance than the check variety PARC-3. The national variety release standing committee made their annual meeting and recommends genotype PM-12-3 (Gute-19) for possible release based on its field yield performance and farmers preferences.

Over many years, there are a few early soybean varieties developed and released through intensive breeding and genetics research program in Ethiopia. However, whether these varieties are stable, adaptable to the environments of Western Ethiopia and similar agro-ecologies are not clear. The objective of this study was to identify high yielding and stable early maturity soybean varieties across environment and examines the influence of genotype by environment interaction on grain yield of soybean varieties in western Oromia. Seven early soybean varieties were evaluated at five locations (Bako, Gute, Billo, Chewaka and Uke) for two consecutive years (2016 and 2017). Combined analysis of variance showed that grain yield was significantly (P< 0.01) affected by environments, genotypes and GE interactions; accounting for 51.1, 35.9 and 12.2% variations, respectively. The first two principal components (IPCA1 and IPCA2) were used to create a two-dimensional GGE biplot and explained 84.49 and 9.1% of the total sums of squares of GE interaction, respectively. According to the average environment coordination (AEC) views of the GGE-biplot, soybean variety Nyala was identified as the most stable and high yielding genotype. In addition, Boshe and Coker-204 also showed better stability performance among the high yielding varieties whereas variety Nova was identified as the least stable and low yielding variety. Therefore, among early soybean varieties, Boshe, Nyala and Coker-204 were recommended for further production in most soybean growing areas of western Oromia.

Bio pesticides, including entomopathogenic viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes , and plant secondary metabolites, are gaining increasing importance as they are alternatives to chemical pesticides and are a major component of many pest control programs. The virulence of various bio pesticides such as nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV), bacteria, and plant product were tested under laboratory conditions very successfully and the selected ones were also evaluated under fi eld conditions with major success. Bio pesticide products (including benefi cial insects) are now available commercially for the control of pest and diseases. The overall aim of bio pesticide research is to make these bio pesticide products available at farm level at an affordable price, and this would become a possible tool in the integrated pest management strategy. Moreover, bio pesticide research is still going on and further research is needed in many aspects including bio formulation and areas such as commercialization. There has been a substantial renewal of commercial interest in bio pesticides as demonstrated by the considerable number of agreements between pesticide companies and bio product companies which allow the development of effective bio pesticides in the market. Crops damage due to pests and diseases are always encountered by farmers. It can be significant constraints to production influencing human life and the environment. Mostly plant protection methods recently use synthetic pesticides, that are toxic chemicals noxious the environment. Because of the hazardous effect, one of environmentally friendly methods is developed to protect plant from plant pathogens, that is, the use of biological control or referred to as biopesticides. Biopesticides encompass a broad array of microbial pesticides, biochemicals derived from microorganisms and other natural sources, and processes involving the genetic incorporation of DNA into agricultural commodities. Bio pesticides have benefits and limitations effect for the environment, human life, or agricultural products. The media is biodegradable material. Beside the microbial content, carrier media for formulating bio pesticide were consisted of several organic materials, such as animal broth, organic materials, or organic waste product. Biopesticides supported stability and sustainability of agro ecosystem because they did not affect negatively on environment. It also can increase the farmers' income, through the high price of their yield organic products.