The dairy cattle commodity is still struggling with classic problems, the government admits that this livestock is less desirable, even by young farmers, currently the average age of dairy farmers is around 45 years or even more. The scale of dairy cow ownership has not moved from 2-3 heads, the milk production produced is also low, which is only 8-13 liters per head per day. Dairy farmers complain that concentrate prices continue to rise. The high number of imports was caused by domestic milk production being unable to meet domestic milk consumption, with growth tending to stagnate. At least around 70% of the need for milk consumption in Indonesia is met by imported milk, while the remaining 30% is from the contribution of domestic milk production. This study aims to determine the factors that influence the income of dairy cattle business in Wonosalam District and efforts to increase the income of dairy farmers in Wonosalam District. The method used in this research is descriptive method with a quantitative approach. Sampling used a non-random technique, namely purposive sampling. The results of the regression test prove that the factors affecting income that have a major influence are the cost of feed and the amount of milk production. The problems faced by dairy farmers in the current research area and sucounter measures litisthe impact of the spread of foot and mouth disease (FMD) does not only affect beef sales. Milk production of dairy cows also plunged. Permasa and the second largest is Forage feed in the dry season is difficult to obtain for breeders. Moor land during the dry season is difficult to obtain because forage cannot grow. Breeders have to look for forage in the fields or buy it from feed traders.

Rice (Oryza sativa) is the main food source in Indonesia. The demand for rice continues to increase with population growth. In 2019, rice production in East Java decreased by 5.50 million tons. The rice production did not meet the national food demand, one of the obstacles to the cultivation of rice is the presence of bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae. Bacterial leaf blight is an important disease because it can cause severe damage and can infect the vegetative and generative phases of rice plants. This study was conducted to determine the influence of abiotic environmental factors and distribution patterns of bacterial leaf blight disease through geostatistical approach with variogram and kriging on rice fields with symptoms of bacterial leaf blight disease in Sadang Village, Taman, Sidoarjo. The results of the study for six weeks showed that the distribution of leaf blight bacterial diseases at the study site tended to be high clustered in the north-south direction compared to the east-west direction. The values of the incidence rate at the end of the observation ranged from 20-68% with a pH of about 6-6.9.

The production rate of maize plants per unit area is still low in Iraq, low crop yield per unit area, the lack of genotypes that have a genetic potential that qualifies them for high production and adaptation to the Iraqi environment, in addition to poor crop service operations, which made researchers in the field of this crop to search for all scientific means, including breeding and improving individual hybrids, distinguished by its superiority in grain yield, by eliciting the internal breeding strains of the hybrids, by interbreeding them with one of the mating methods, then evaluate them genetically to find out the best and use them in agriculture, to increase the rate of production per unit area. This crop did not receive much attention from workers in the field of raising yellow corn in Iraq, whether in research centers or Iraqi universities, compared to yellow corn, which is widely grown in Iraq, possibly due to the limited local genetic resources available (although a limited number of local varieties were developed), or the difficulty of introducing modern genotypes from developed countries in the production of this crop. In selection programs depends primarily on the presence of genotypic, knowledge and understanding of genetic behavior and the correlations between these traits, determining the most influential traits as a criterion for selection, by knowing the correlation between these traits and the quotient, plant breeders resort to selection for traits among the yield components, because the grain yield is a complex characteristic, affected by a large number of legacies and environmental factors, do not respond to election easily. The selection for it may not be effective because of the link between its components, therefore, the lack of pure varieties approved and adapted to the Iraqi environment, lack of research centers producing varieties with high productivity, the productivity of barley has decreased compared to global production, because of the continuous cultivation of the same old varieties, failure to maintain its genetic purity with increasing sensitivity, therefore, plant breeders must resort to the shortest methods, to provide new genetic structures from regions and origins similar to the conditions of the Iraqi environment.

The agropolitan concept proposed by Friedman and Douglass is a concept of rural development based on the village's potential. This research was conducted in Pacet District, Mojokerto Regency, considering that the research location is one of the development areas for the largest agropolitan area producing horticultural crops in Mojokerto Regency, East Java Province. The sampling technique in this study is with purposive sampling techniques, the selected samples are agropolitan areas, as well as stakeholders in Pacet District, Mojokerto Regency who understand and are competent with this research. Quantitative data from SWOT analysis was processed using Microsoft Excel 2016 with the scoring method. The results of this study are The strategy for developing agropolitan areas in Pacet District based on the SWOT diagram is located in quadrant I (Aggressive) and the strategy used is the S-O strategy (Strenght-Opportunities) which means that the strategy that can be applied is to use strengths and take advantage of existing opportunities.

This study aims to analyze the cost, revenue, income and business feasibility of milkfish ponds in Sedati District, Sidoarjo Regency. This research was conducted in Sedati District, Sidoarjo Regency in December 2022 - January 2023. The method used in this study is quantitative using data analysis of income, B/C ratio, and R/C ratio. The number of respondents in this study were 58 farmers. The results showed that the average milkfish production for one period was 1,706.54 Kg, and the average revenue obtained by farmers was Rp 42,053,643.18/ha/season, while the average total costs incurred by farmers was Rp 17,649,438.26/ha/season. And the average income of farmers in Sedati District, Sidoarjo Regency, was obtained at Rp 24,404,204.92/ha/season. The B/C ratio value is 1.38 and the R/C ratio value is 2.38, which means it is feasible to cultivate.

This research is carried out to known factors that affect Warehouse Receipt System performance using Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) method. The research was conducted in PT. Tjipinang Jaya Food Station located in Alas Pecah hamlet, Geneng village, Geneng sub-district, Ngawi regency, East Java Province. Sampling method for this research is using Cohen Approach with a total sample of 38 people and farmers as the respondent. PLS-SEM is used to determine the factors that significantly affect the performance of WRS. There are several steps that must be fulfilled to get a good model, there are model evaluation for inner model and outer model, parameter estimation and hypothesis test. The result from the analysis is there are 12 valid in discriminant and convergent and reliable indicators. The inner model evaluation showed that the goodness of model is 40,2% and it was a moderate model with strong effect size for WRS service variable and weak effect size for WRS socialization and government commitment. The model also has good predictive relevance because it has Q-square value above 0 it is 0,160. Based on hypothesis testing of the outer model all 12 valid indicators affected each latent variable. Inner model evaluation showed that factor that significantly affect Warehouse Receipt System performance are Warehouse Receipt System service and Warehouse Receipt System socialization, government commitment does not significantly affect Warehouse Receipt System performance because its hypothesis testing is accepted by the H0.

Indonesia is an agrarian country with the agricultural sector playing an important role in the economy. However, farmers' lives are still far from prosperous, causing economic inequality in income distribution. Poverty in Indonesia is a major problem in both rural and urban areas. Data from the Central Statistics Agency as of March 2022 shows East Java as the province with the highest number of poor people. Pacitan Regency is an isolated area with an area of 1,389.92 km², most of which are barren hills. The Gini ratio measures inequality between rich and poor, with the highest inequality occurring in 2019 and the lowest in 2009. Ngadirojo District is included in the category of class III karst areas that allow mining activities. Inequality in income distribution creates major problems, including increasing fuel tariffs, political stability ahead of the 2024 elections, world political stability, extreme weather and climate change and the haunting recession. The Gini coefficient (Gini Ratio) is used to calculate the income inequality level of 100 sample farmers in Cokrokembang Village. The Gini coefficient (Gini Ratio) through the Lorenz curve graph shows that the income inequality of rice farmers in Cokrokembang Village is quite high. The income of rice farmers from rice farming is below the District/City Minimum Wage (UMK) of Pacitan Regency. The income inequality of rice farmers in Cokrokembang Village reaches 0.88, which is included in the category of high inequality, shown by the widening of the Lorenz curve.

Agricultural extension workers are people who provide information related to farmers' commodities, regarding the availability of fertilizers, pesticides and other matters related to the cultivation of farmers' commodities. Agricultural extension workers have an important role in the welfare of farmers, agricultural extension workers can provide material about a cropping system so that farmers can maximize their cultivation results. This study using the data collection method, namely by using a questionnaire that will be answered by respondents, besides that this research also uses the documentation method to document the activities carried out for report materials. The results obtained from distributing the questionnaires were that several farmer families stated that the process of this extension activity provided benefits for the welfare of farmers and the material provided was useful for utilizing agricultural products that had been stored for a very long time.

The growth of buying and selling transactions online in Indonesia is experiencing very rapid movement. The types of goods most traded on E-Commerce in 2020 were the food, beverage and food ingredients group with a percentage of 40.86%. According to the International Coffee Organization (ICO) coffee consumption in Indonesia has increased significantly every year, this is evidenced by the rise of coffee shops in Indonesia such as Kopi Konnichiwa. The aims of this research are 1) to identify the characteristics of consumers of Kopi Konnichiwa Pakuwon Mall Surabaya. 2) Describe and analyze the effect of service feature variables, discounts, product variety, and OVO payment methods on consumer decisions in buying Kopi Konnichiwa Pakuwon Mall Surabaya. In this study, the sample was taken using accidental sampling technique and obtained 100 respondents using the Lemeshow formula. The results of interviews with respondents were processed using descriptive analysis and SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) analysis using the PLS (Partial Least Square) approach. The results of this study are 1) The characteristics of Kopi Konnichiwa Pakuwon Mall Surabaya consumers are dominated by women, aged between 21-25 years, have a history of recent education at the high school (SMA) and undergraduate level, then most work as private employees and have a scale of income between IDR 1,000,000 – IDR 5,000,000. 2) Service features and price discounts only have a significant influence on consumer decisions in buying Kopi Konnichiwa, because it has a p-value <0.05.

One of the horticultural crops that has the potential to be developed is peppers, Tutur District, Pasuruan Regency is one of the largest paprika producing centers in East Java. Although, Tutur District is the center of peppers, the production of peppers always fluctuates. The harvest obtained by farmers is very influential on the income received. There are two types of paprika cultivation systems, namely hydroponics and non-hydroponics. This study aims to (1) Describe the reasons farmers apply the hydroponic and non-hydroponic paprika cultivation system, (2) Analyze the income obtained by farmers in using hydroponic and non-hydroponic systems in paprika farming in Tutur District, Pasuruan Regency. This research was conducted in, Tutur sub-district in January – February 2023. The technique of sampling farmers by census by making the entire population into a sample. The analysis methods used are descriptive analysis and revenue analysis. The results of this study are that there are several reasons farmers choose a cultivation system, namely the reasons farmers apply a hydroponic system, namely (1) Hereditary Business (2) The existence of the Ministry of Agriculture Program (3) Family and Social Ties. Then the reasons farmers do not apply hydroponics are (1) Limited Capital (2) Mixed Farming. The income of hydroponic and non-hydroponic pepper farmers is considered profitable but with the same area or scale of business, the revenue and profits obtained are very different, the average hydroponic pepper farming is Rp. 351,672,785 while the average non-hydroponic pepper farming is Rp. 158,777,053.

Whitefly pest (Bemissia tabacci) is one of the causes of low productivity of cayenne pepper in Indonesian. The use of technology that is still low for whitefly pest control and ineffective monitoring efforts are still obstacles faced by farmers. Incorrect predictions as an effort to control whitefly pests can result in environmental damage due to excessive pestride. Therefore, the prediction of attack rates and production results by utilizing drone imagery technology is expected to be more effective and efficient. The study was aimed at determining the estimated results of damage due to whitefly pests and knowing the correlation of the results of drone image analysis with the results of cayenne pepper crop production in Brejel Lor Hamlet, Pucuk Village. Based on the results of observation and image processing, drone image analysis obtained an accuracy value of y = 1,4669x + 0,1372 R = 0.6, this shows strong accuracy, therefore drone image analysis can detect symptoms of whitefly pest attacks in cayenne pepper plant fields. Analysis of drone imagery of production results also showed a corresponding pattern, high whitefly pest infestation rates gained lower production weight. Environmental factors greatly influence the high and low attack of whitefly pests.

The aim of this research is: 1) Analyze the amount of profit generated and the profit level of Pak Karlim's Tempeh Agribusiness in Sepande Village, Sidoarjo Regency and 2) Analyze the amount of added value generated by Pak Karlim's Tempeh Agribusiness in Sepande Village. , Viceroyalty of Sidoarjo. This study uses a quantitative descriptive method. Determination of selected locations by purposive sampling. The data used are primary and secondary data. Basic information for this research was obtained through observation and interviews with Karlim as the owner of the tempehh agro-industry. Secondary data was obtained from information provided by Sepande village officials and literature on research topics such as books, journals and previous research. Data collection techniques using interview and observation techniques. Analysis of the data used in this study is the analysis of results and analysis of R/C and added value analysis using the Hayami method. The results showed that the profit earned by Karim tempeh farming was Rp. 388.353 in each production process. The profitability of Pak Karlim's tempehh agribusiness is 1.26. R/C results with a value of > 1 indicate that Karlim's tempehh agroindustry can be further pursued and developed. The added value received by Pak Karlim's tempehh farming industry is Rp. 5.840/kg with an added value index of 31.14%, which means that the added value generated by the Karim tempehh agricultural industry is in the moderate added value category.

Charcoal is a black substance interspersed with pores resulting from the partial combustion of wood in isolation from air and is used as an energy source. It is a chemical reaction that results in a black mass at a relatively low temperature. Among its characteristics is the appearance of quantities of various kinds of impurities and it is chemically linked to carbon and it can be obtained industrially. Or naturally in various ways. It is produced in several types, such as charcoal, charcoal and bone charcoal and its importance lies in being the material that the plant needs in order to continue growing, as the charcoal contains carbon dioxide that the plant uses in the process of cellular respiration and the charcoal consists of the waste of date palms. Charcoal, although it is a permanent fertilizer when used once, helps in preserving nutrients in the soil and binds to the heavy metals present in it, which helps prevent them from reaching plants or leaking into the water supply and this is the best way to combat pollution. In addition to being a sti- mulant for microbial activity and reducing toxic emission, it also protects plants from agricultural pests such as root beetles and also contains sulfur and iron, which leads to an increase in yield by (10%).

This study aimed to 1) analyze the amount of profit and R/C ratio obtained from the presto milkfish agro-industry and Mbak Lina's brains in Kedungluk Village, Sidoarjo Regency and 2) analyze the amount of added value generated by the presto milkfish agro-industry and Ms. Lina in Kedungluk Village, Sidoarjo Regency. Location determination was chosen purposively (intentionally). Respondents were determined purposively (intentionally). Respondents in this study were agro-industry owners and 5 workers. The data used are primary data and secondary data. Data collection techniques using interview techniques, observation and documentation. Data analysis used in this research is profit analysis and R/C analysis as well as added value analysis using the Hayami method. The results of this study indicate that the profit earned by Mbak Lina's milkfish agroindustry is Rp. 1,767,863 every time during the production process. The R/C ratio for presto milkfish processing is 1.29 and for milkfish, otak-otak is 1.37. The results of the R/C showing a value > 1 indicate that Mbak Lina's milkfish agro-industry is profitable and feasible to develop. Added value through processing presto milkfish is Rp. 16,815 with an added value ratio of 25.86% and processing of milkfish otak-otak of Rp. 23,700 with an added value ratio of 31.60% Band of Rp. 7,820/kg with an added value ratio of 37.23% which indicates that the added value obtained by Ms. Lina's agro-industry is categorized as moderate added value.

The study included the production of butter with therapeutic qualities and low cholesterol, using cream made from skim camel milk and anhydrous milk fat with a mixing ratio of 3:1 (volume: weight) And by adding a mixture of lactic acid bacteria starter (lactobacillus.acidophilus + Bifidobacterium.bifidum) with an addition rate of 5% To the pasteurized cream intended for the manufacture of butter at the beginning of the aging process at a temperature of 15 degrees Celsius And for two time periods of 18 and 24 hours which are the treatments A1 and A2 respectively, in addition to the control treatment of cream aged for 24 hours without a starter and the control treatment was C, The processed butter was stored at refrigerator temperature (5±1 C) for a period of 6 weeks. Chemical tests, microbial tests and sensory evaluation were conducted, The results of the chemical composition of the manufactured butter before storage showed that there were slight significant differences in the treatment butter compared to the control treatment butter in the value of fat and moisture While there were no significant differences in the value of protein between all treatments and with continued storage for a period of six weeks there were chemical changes in the Acid Degree Value of fat (ADV) and it developed after storage and reached the highest percentage in the control treatment C and it was (2.13 meq/100 gm fat) While the lowest percentage was in treatment A2 (1.50 meq/100 gm fat), An increase in the value of peroxide number was observed and it was the highest increase in the control treatment C which amounted to (3.64 meq/kg butter) after storage for six weeks while the lowest percentage was in treatment A2 and amounted to (1.90 meq/kg butter), As for the percentage of cholesterol it decreased in the butter of treatment A2 followed by a decrease in treatment A1 and the decrease continued relatively with the progression of the storage stage reaching (43.00 and 55.00 mg/100 g butter) respectively compared to the control treatment C in which no significant difference appeared and there was a very slight decrease in it amounting to (210.00 mg/100g butter), An increase in the proportion of tyrosine was observed with the progression of the storage a period of six weeks and the highest increase was in the control treatment C which amounted to (95 µg/1g butter) while the lowest percentage was in the treatment A2 which amounted to (17 µg/1g butter), The results indicated that there was a relative decrease in the number of therapeutic lactic acid bacteria with the progress of storage stages and After six weeks the treatment A2 got the highest viability of therapeutic acid bacteria followed by treatment A1 which amounted to (14 and 10106× cfu/g) respectively, as for the numbers of total bacteria and Psychrophiles bacteria their percentage was higher in the control treatment C, while coliform bacteria yeasts and molds did not appear in the treatments except for the control treatment, The best sensory evaluation results were obtained by treatment A2 before storage and amounted to (95%) followed by treatment A1 and then treatment of control.

Catfish farming with a partnership system is one of the most promising aquaculture businesses to cultivate. In Bingkulu Village, Tanah Laut Regency, South Kalimantan Province, one of the pioneers of the catfish Breeding and Rearing business with a partnership system. The objectives of this study were to (1) Describe the partnership pattern for breeding and rearing businesses in Bingkulu Village, Tanah Laut Regency, South Kalimantan Province and (2) Assess the feasibility of catfish cultivating businesses partnering with nursery and rearing businesses in Bingkulu Village, Tanah Laut Regency, South Kalimantan Province. Descriptive methods and questionnaire methods were used to collect data. According to the findings of the study, the partnership pattern between fish cultivators and the nursery and expansion business in Bingkulu Village, Tanah Laut Regency, South Kalimantan Province was an agribusiness operational partnership system (KOA). The Breeding and Rearing business parties provided production facilities, transportation costs, market guarantees and technical guidance. Meanwhile, cultivators interested in participating in the partnership must have a rearing pond with a minimum capacity of 10,000 fish per period as well as a workforce. Furthermore, based on the feasibility analysis of catfish farming through a partnership in a Breeding and Rearing business in Bingkulu Village, Tanah Laut Regency, South Kalimantan Province, The Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) was 1.35, indicating that the business is profitable and feasible to grow.

Beef consumption in Indonesia tends to increase. National beef production is smaller than the demand for beef in Indonesia. So that to meet domestic meat consumption, beef imports are carried out. Importing countries need to pay attention to price volatility because if the price volatility of a commodity is high, it will have a bad impact on the importer. Therefore, the movement of meat prices in the global market needs to be understood by the government. This study aims to analyze the volatility of beef prices in the global market. The data used in this study is secondary monthly time series data from January 1960 to December 2020 from the World Bank's Pink Sheet Data. Beef price volatility analysis using ARIMA and ARCH-GARCH methods. The results showed that the highest volatility in beef prices occurred during the global economic recession in 2020. This volatility occurred at the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic, which had an impact on cattle production disturbances, but demand continued to even tend to rise, resulting in high price volatility. Local cattle production needs to be increased to reduce imports so that they are resistant to turmoil in the global market.

Medicinal plants are potential source of phytochemicals valuable for novel drug discovery. These herbs are used in traditional Chinese, Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and Tibetan medicines. Ancient literature such as Rigveda, Yajurveda, Atharvaveda, Charak Samhita and Sushrut Samhita also describe the use of herbs for the treatment of various health problems. Aegle marmelos is commonly known as wooden apple belongs to the Rutaceae family. The important phytochemicals isolated from various parts of the plant are alkaloids, cardiac glycoside, saponin, steroids, coumarines terpenoids, phenylpropenoids, tannins, polysaccharides and flavonoids. These phytochemical components are well known for their pharmacological and biological activity against certain chronic disease like cancer, cardiovascular disease, immunosuppressive disease and gastrointestinal disorder. Bael pulp is a rich source of glucose, sugar and fiber. In the traditional medicine system, the pulp of bael is used as an energy drink with milk. Other nutritive elements of bael are-protein, fat, minerals, fibers, carbohydrates, calcium, phosphate, potassium, iron, vitamins A, vitamin B1, nicotinic acid, riboflavin, vitamin C.

Sugarcane is a tall, perennial grass species that is cultivated primarily for its juice, which is used to make sugar and other sweeteners. It belongs to the genus Saccharum and is native to tropical regions of South Asia and Southeast Asia. The plant typically grows up to 4-6 meters tall; with a thick stem or stalk that contains high levels of sucrose. Sugarcane is an important crop for many countries around the world and is widely used in the production of sugar, molasses, rum and biofuels. Tillage is an important agronomic practice in sugarcane cultivation that significantly impacts on the yield and quality of the crop. Hence, this scientific review aims to investigate the effects of different tillage practices to enhance the productivity of sugarcanes grown in the tropical regions. Accordingly, implementation of tillage practices prior to sugarcane cultivation is a prominent requirement. Rather than using conventional tillage method, it is important to implement the integrated tillage method. Trash shredding, press mud in-cooperate to soil, weed desiccation are another significant factors that influence the increase of sugarcane yield. Hence, it is important to implement the intregated tillage practice before planting the sugarcane in order to increase the yield. However, since the productivity performance of the sugarcane plant is highly dependent upon the other characteristics such variety, trash management, soil type, climate factors. Hence, selection of the proper tillage practice has a blended nature.

This study aims to determine the effect of service quality and prod uct quality on consumer satisfaction of Jokopi Merr Surabaya shop. The number of samples in this study was 50 respondents who were over 17 years old and had purchased through the Jokopi Merr drive-thru service. Data collection is carried out by distributing questionnaires to respondents. The data analysis method in this study uses Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS) with WarpPLS version 7 application. The results showed that service quality and product quality had a positive and significant effect on consumer satisfaction.

The marketing of cayenne pepper is different from other agricultural commodities, because the price of cayenne pepper is always fluctuating. In a marketing, it involves marketing institutions to distribute cayenne pepper to the final consumer. This study aims to (i) Describe the marketing channels and functions of each marketing channel, (ii) Analyze the margins and marketing costs of each marketing channel in Pucuk Village, Dawarblandong District, Mojokerto Regency. This research was conducted in Pucuk Village in April - May 2022. The sampling technique of farmers was accidental sampling by taking 10% of the total population of cayenne pepper farmers and the sample of marketing institutions was carried out by snowball sampling. Data analysis methods using descriptive analysis and marketing margin analysis. The results of this study are that there are 2 marketing channels, namely marketing channel I consisting of intermediary traders, large traders and retail traders. Marketing channel II consists of large traders and retail traders. All marketing institutions perform different marketing functions, tailored to the needs of each marketing institution. The marketing margin on marketing channel I is Rp. 31.500/kg and on marketing channel II is Rp. 24.000/kg. Marketing costs in marketing channel I amounted to Rp. 6.186,17/kg while marketing channel II amounted to Rp. 4.552,05 / kg.

This research was motivated by a decline in sales and a decrease in purchasing decisions at Citra Florist Surabaya. Meanwhile, the level of use of social media in Indonesia is getting higher. Therefore, a strategy or innovation is needed to influence purchasing decisions so that in the next year there will be an increase in the number of sales. The purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of social media advertising (X1) and Word of Mouth (X2) on the purchase decision (Y) of bouquet products at Citra Florist Surabaya. The method used in this study is quantitative, using descriptive data analysis and Structural Equation Model Partial (SEM-PLS). The sample for this study was determined by the purposive sampling method. Data collection was carried out through the dissemination of questionnaires. The number of respondents in this study was 100 people, consisting of various groups and various ages. Data processing is carried out using the Partial Least Square (PLS) method with the Smart-PLS 3.0 application. In this study, the results were obtained that Social Media Advertising and Word of Mouth had a positive and significant effect on Purchasing Decisions.

The agricultural sector has faced many problems to date. However, the agricultural sector can contribute to GDP, although only slightly. The purpose of this study is to analyze the output multiplier and income multiplier of the agricultural sector and other economic sectors (8 sectors) in the Indonesian economy based on the 2016 Indonesian Input-Output Table. The data used are Indonesian Input-Output Table data on Domestic Transactions at Producer Prices (17 business fields) in 2016. Of the 17 sectors classified and focused on 9 sectors are directly related to the agricultural sector from the perspective of agribusiness as a system. The analysis uses multiplier analysis, namely the output multiplier and income multiplier. The largest output multiplier value is the transportation and warehousing sector of 1.7852. Meanwhile, the value of the agriculture, forestry and fisheries sector was 1.2854, which was in the lowest position compared to the other eight sectors. The largest income multiplier value is the financial services and insurance sector of 0.4271. Meanwhile, the value of the agriculture, forestry and fisheries sector was 0.3984, which was in the third largest position compared to other sectors. The contribution and role of the agricultural sector to the Indonesian economy are not too large.

This study was aims to prove that royal jelly can affect fertility in terms of maintaining the number of follicles in the folliculogenesis process of mice that are stressed due to noise exposure. This study used 25 female mice aged 2-3 months with a body weight of 20g. Mice were given royal jelly orally for 28 days and then continued with noise exposure of 94dB. Mice were divided into 5 groups consisting of (K-) neither royal jelly nor exposure to noise, group (K+) was not given royal jelly but was given exposure to noise, group was given royal jelly 1.75 mg/days and noise exposure, the group was given royal jelly 3.50 mg/day and noise exposure, and the group was given royal jelly 5.25 mg/day and noise exposure. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the primary and secondary follicles (p>0.05). However, there was a significant difference in tertiary follicles and de Graff follicles between the normal control group without exposure and the group without royal jelly with exposure, the royal dose group jelly 1.75 mg/day, the royal jelly dose group was 3.50 mg/day, but not significantly different from the royal jelly dose group 5.25 mg/day (p<0.05). It can be concluded that a dose of 5.25 mg/day royal jelly can be effectively used in increasing the number of tertiary and deGraff follicles.

The purpose of this research is to identify the characteristics of the smoked fish business, analyze the costs, revenues, income, and business feasibility of the smoked fish business after the Covid-19 pandemic, and determine the behavior of smoked fish producers after the Covid-19 pandemic from a social and economic perspective. The research location was deliberately determined in Kejawen Lor. The results of the research average revenue analysis of Rp. 37,217,500, analysis of the average income of Rp. 4.163.129, - the feasibility analysis is said to be feasible with an R/C ratio > 1, and the results of the BEP receipts are Rp. 1,382,319. From the observation on the social side, 95% of smoked fish entrepreneurs are kind to producers and consumers, 25% do not comply with health protocols, 95% have workers, 100% have independent/individual businesses, and 100% smoked fish entrepreneurs dare to compete with other entrepreneurs in Indonesia. Kejawen Lor and accept the advantages of business competitors in marketing the smoked fish business. From an economic point of view, smoked raw materials have increased so that producers reduce production on a large scale, the income earned by traders after the pandemic is relatively stable and there is a slight increase and the selling price of smoked fish also does not increase too much.

This study aims to analyze social super ordination and subordination and find forms of social subordination that take place in relations between actors in the salt farmers community in Bontorannu Jeneponto Village. Relations between actors involving cultivators, landowners and salt traders form social exchanges and cause imbalances due to social super ordination and subordination. The research was conducted using a descriptive research type carried out with a qualitative approach. Data collection was carried out by observing and in-depth interviews with 15 informants in Bontorannu Jeneponto Village. The results of the study found that. Land owners who are also salt traders (tu-appatesang) or land owners (tu-appatesang) in collaboration with salt traders (padanggang ce’la) have a strong domination of power as superordinate to carry out social subordination to profit-sharing cultivators (tu-attesang) in the distribution system. results (tesang) with 3 forms of social subordination, namely; Social Subordination under one individual; carried out by land owners who are also salt traders, Social subordination under more than one person carried out by land owners together with salt traders, and Social subordination under general principles; against the "Tesang" profit-sharing system and regulations made unilaterally by landowners and salt traders (superordination).

This research aims to examine the effect of the WPI (wholesale price index) on non-oil and gas exports, the area of private estates for Indonesian palm commodities and Malaysia's CPO production on the Indonesian CPO export volume (crude palm oil). The time series data of the export volume of Indonesian CPO for the period 2000-2021 showed trends in export volume going up, but recently in 2016, there started fluctuation. This study uses OLS (ordinary least square) method. The test results showed that the WPI (wholesale price index) of non-oil and gas exports, the area of private estates for Indonesian palm commodities and CPO production in Malaysia affected the export volume of Indonesian CPO. But, the wholesale price index of non-oil and gas exports got a non-significant and negative effect, WPI (wholesale price index) was a representation of the price, so it happened to cause the importer countries still pay attention to the price changes for the product and the importer country should be adjusted to the cost that must be incurred. Partially the area of private estates in Indonesia had a significant and positive effect and it happened because lands are one of the factors that can increase the production value. Malaysian CPO (crude palm oil) production had a positive and significant effect cause the need for CPO (crude palm oil) product are still growing, so that means both countries were not competitors.

This study aims to identify consumer characteristics and analyze the effect of green marketing mix on consumer purchasing decisions of Greenly salad in Surabaya. The method used in this research is quantitative using descriptive data analysis and Structural Equation Model Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS). The number of respondents in this study was 104 people consisting of various groups and ages, they must be over 17 years old and have made a purchase at the Greenly Salads outlet in Surabaya with intensity once in the last six months. Data collection takes place through the dissemination of questionnaires. Data processing is carried out using the Partial Least Square (PLS) method with the SMART-PLS 3.3.3 application. In this study, results were obtained, namely the significant influence of the green marketing mix on the purchase decision of Greenly salad in Surabaya. The percentage of influence of the green marketing mix on purchasing decisions is 63.40 percent. In the study, it was concluded that respondents' responses related to the green marketing mix variables (green product, green place and green price) had a significant effect on purchasing decisions, but the green promotion and green physical evidence variables did not have a significant effect.

Chili commodities in the Indonesian market are known in various types, including large chili consisting of large red chilies and curly chilies and bird's eye chilies consisting of green bird's eye chilies and red bird's eye chilies [1]. The demand for large chilies and cayenne peppers is inelastic, so their prices tend to be volatile. Of the various types of chili, cayenne pepper has a fairly large price fluctuation. Price is the main factor influencing farmers to increase production. Increasing the production of agricultural commodities including chili needs to be accompanied by improvements in the marketing system, so that farmers as producers are expected to be able to obtain an adequate share of the price for increasing their farming business. This study aims to analyze the development of production, consumption, prices, availability of cayenne pepper and price transmission of cayenne pepper in East Java. This research was conducted in East Java as a research location with the consideration that, looking at the data on cayenne pepper production at BPS Indonesia in the 2016-2020 period, East Java is the province with the highest cayenne pepper production for 5 consecutive years. The determination of the research location was carried out purposively. The analysis in this study uses trend analysis using the least squares method to determine the factors that influence cayenne pepper price fluctuations and cayenne pepper price transmission analysis, using a simple linear regression analysis method. The results of this study can be concluded production development. Consumption and availability of chili in East Java Province show a trend that tends to increase while prices show a trend that tends to decrease. The price transmission of cayenne pepper in East Java between farmers and retail traders is elastic, indicating that the price transmission of red cayenne pepper in East Java Province at the level of farmers and retail traders takes place in the same direction as the market structure that is formed, which is a perfect competition market.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the feasibility of the koi fish business at UD. Sejahtera Koi Ambassadors and analyze the development strategy of UD. Prosperous Koi Ambassador in the development of ornamental fish business. The method used is descriptive qualitative analysis, business feasibility analysis uses the financial aspect which consists of several investment criteria, namely NPV, IRR, Net B/C and PP, development strategy analysis makes strategy formulation through the input stage (IFE, EFE and CPM matrices), the matching stage (SWOT Matrix, SPACE, BCG and IE) the decision stage (QSPM) strategy to use. The results of the feasibility analysis of the koi fish business at UD. Duta Koi Sejahtera is said to be feasible and very potential in terms of the feasibility analysis aspect of the financial aspect consisting of an NPV of 1,827,733,744 NPV value > 0 is positive, which means the koi fish business is feasible to run, the investment made is feasible because the IRR is 166 %>1, the calculation results for the B/C Ratio for koi fish are 890,389,431 >1 means it is feasible to run and invests the time needed to return the capital that has been invested. used is worth the effort, the time required is 1-year payback time and the UD development strategy. Duta Koi uses the main strategy in the formulation of the development strategy plan, namely the calculation of the results of the QSPM that has been analyzed, a value of 5.96 is obtained for the communication strategy by providing information about the type and amount of fish availability as well as good relations and maintaining loyalty to consumers that are owned to be the main strategy that can be used by UD. Koi Ambassador. Each customer service group has a group in which consumers who have bought fish from the group are used as media for promoting fish stocks and half of the consumers who own them will come to buy fish again. After a good relationship has been maintained, the Koi ambassador can carry out the second strategy with a score of 5.86, the market penetration strategy as the main strategy of the four alternative strategies, namely market penetration strategy, product development, backward integration and horizontal integration. The market penetration strategy is a strategy that requires efforts to increase Duta Koi's market share through larger marketing efforts. After a good relationship has been maintained, the Koi ambassador can carry out the second strategy with a score of 5.86, the market penetration strategy as the main strategy of the four alternative strategies, namely market penetration strategy, product development, backward integration and horizontal integration. The market penetration strategy is a strategy that requires efforts to increase Duta Koi's market share through larger marketing efforts. After a good relationship has been maintained, the Koi ambassador can carry out the second strategy with a score of 5.86, the market penetration strategy as the main strategy of the four alternative strategies, namely market penetration strategy, product development, backward integration and horizontal integration. The market penetration strategy is a strategy that requires efforts to increase Duta Koi's market share through larger marketing efforts.

Dairy farming business has good potential to be developed due to the increasing national milk consumption. So that to meet the nation's demand for milk consumption, the dairy farming industry must expand. The purpose of this study was to analyze financial and non-financial feasibility dairy farming, sensitivity and potential for developing a dairy farming. This research is located in Tropodo Village, Krian District, Sidoarjo Regency and was conducted in July 2022. The sampling technique was purposive sampling with a total of 10 respondents. The data collected in this study was analyzed by financial feasibility analysis method, sensitivity analysis and descriptive analysis. The result show that breeders was consider non-financial aspects is not a scary thing. The value of NPV in dairy farming bussiness was bigger than 0, Net B/C was bigger than 1 and IRR was greater than 6%. The Pay Period analysis of the dairy farming bussiness showed that the initial cash outflow of investment could be recovered less than 15 years. So that, dairy farming business in Tropodo Village Krian District Sidoarjo Regency was feasible to be developed. Meanwhile the result of sensitivity analysis show that the dairy farming bussiness still feasible to continue despite the input prices (feed) and the amount of ouput was increase 15%. Natural increases value was 46,44% (low), so to develop the dairy farming bussiness was not just dependent on the findings of feasibility studies, it also takes into account other factors like available natural and human resources and political direction.

Agriculture plays an important role in the economy and development of Indonesia, one of the sectors that was able to survive the Covid 19 pandemic. however, there is a potential loss of the farmer profession in Indonesia, because the youth are not interested in the profession as farmers and prefer other sector jobs. In Sidoarjo Regency, the population working in the agricultural sector is very small compared to other sectors. Meanwhile, the labor structure of farmers is dominated by the elderly population. Based on this, research on rural youth's perception of agricultural sector work needs to be carried out. This study aims to describe the perception of youth towards agricultural sector work, factors that influence perception, describe youth interest in agricultural sector work and factors that influence youth interest in agricultural sector work. This research uses a descriptive research method with a quantitative approach. Data were obtained through observation, interviews with questionnaire guides and literature studies. The research location in Sidoarjo District, Sidoarjo Regency, from July to September 2022, the sample used was 100 respondents. The analysis in this study used frequency tabulation and structural equation modeling (SEM-PLS) using the Warp PLS program. The results showed that 1) the perception of youth towards agricultural sector work is in the category of poor with details: perception of work comfort in the category of very uncomfortable, perception of income in the category of less favorable, perception of social status of work in the less prestigious category, 2) youth interest in agricultural sector work is classified as moderate, 3) Age and family background have a negative and significant effect on Perceptions of youth, socialization of employment, influence of parents and access to information have a significant positive effect on the perception of youth, socioeconomic status has no significant effect on the perception of youth towards agricultural sector work, 4) perception has a positive and significant effect on youth interest in agricultural sector work.

Nano-composites containing organic polymer intercalated in the layers of kaolinite clays can be used as a cementing materials to regulate the release of nutrients from congenital fertilizers. This process increases the nutrient-use efficiencies, besides preventing the environmental hazard. Similarly, patented nano-composite consists of N, P, K and micronutrients and mannose and amino acids have shown to increase the uptake and utilization of nutrients by grain crops (. Biodegradable polymeric chitosan nanoparticles (~78 nm) showed good results for the slow release behavior of NPK fertilizers. Kaolin and polymeric biocompatible nanoparticles also have potential application in the slow release behavior of fertilizers. Surface modified zeolite as a carrier of slow-release phosphatic fertilizer was also developed. Mica is a layered aluminium silicate macromolecule with reactive groups on the surface. To graft acrylic acid polymer onto mica and fabricate a nanocomposite consisting of polymer and ultrafine mica particles is significant for reducing the production costs and improving the comprehensive water absorbing properties of the superabsorbent materials. Storage of infiltrated water increased, which indicated that nanocarbon could be beneficial for plant growth and could reduce losses of water due to percolation to deep soil layers. Superabsorbent polymers as water managing materials for the renewal of arid and desert environment has attracted great attention and encouraging results have been observed as they can reduce irrigation water consumption, improve fertilizer retention in soil lower the death rate of plants and increase plant growth. Nanotechnology can be used to make the availability of micronutrients to plants. Nano formulations of micronutrients can be sprayed on plants or can be supplied to the soil for uptake by roots to enhance soil health and vigor. In alkaline soils with high pH, the zinc availability to the crop plants due to the presence of calcium carbonate, this reduces zinc solubility and the high calcium carbonate (CaCO3) content, which can absorb and precipitate zinc. Hence, the common zinc oxides (ZnO) and zinc sulphates (ZnSO4•H2O) or (ZnSO4•7H2O) usage is limited due to non-availability of zinc to plants. Hence, zinc oxide nanoparticles can overcome this problem by providing a more soluble and available form of zinc to plants. The use of zinc oxide nanoparticles as zinc fertilizers may increase zinc dissolution and its bioavailability in soils with calcium carbonate. The nanotechnology can also be used in biofertilizer technology. Even though the biofertilizers are beneficial, some of their drawbacks such as short shelf life, temperature sensitivity and storage desiccation problems limit their usage in field conditions. Nanoparticles can also be effectively used to battle pests and insects and can be utilized for preparing new formulations such as pesticides, insect repellants and insecticides. It can be utilized to transfer DNA and other chosen chemicals into plant tissues to protect host plants against pests. Porous hollow silica nanoparticles (PHSNs) loaded with validamycin (pesticide) can act as efficient delivery system for controlled release of water-soluble pesticides. This controlled release behavior makes PHSNs promising carriers in agriculture, especially for controlled delivery of pesticides that are needed to be immediately and gradually released in plants. Nanoparticles’ indirect effects are dependent on their physical and chemical properties and can include physical restraints (clogging effects), production of reactive oxygen species, or solubilization of toxic NP com-pounds. Silver is now an accepted agro-chemical replacement and many patents have been filed for “nano silver” and its use in treatment of diseases and preservation in agriculture.

Hydroponics is a cultivation system that uses limited land with soilless growing media and uses additional nutrients for growth. Limit land area, critical soil conditions, uncontrolled pests and diseases, limited number of irrigations and non-uniform quality make the hydroponic system an alternative for cultivation. The purpose of this study was to determine the risk opportunities for hydroponic lettuce (Latuca sativa L) production. The location of the research at Ko Kolindo Hydroponics which is one of the places for cultivating vegetable plants with a hydroponic system in Kotawaringin Barat Regency. Methods of data analysis using analysis of the coefficient of variation (CV). Sampling was by census, with the information used are primary information and secondary information. The results appeared that the risk opportunities at the research location might be controlled and were relatively small considering that Ko Kolindo's hydroponics had survived. The risk analysis test shows that the risk opportunity is production CV ≤ 0,5 with a CV level = 0.3 and L>0 meaning that this value indicates that in Ko Kolindo Hydroponics with low risk, high profits are obtained.