The Philippines is a megadiverse country with a rich cultural heritage, which includes a vast knowledge of traditional medicine [1]. The indigenous populations residing in the Philippines have amassed an extensive repository of knowledge spanning numerous centuries pertaining to the therapeutic attributes exhibited by various plant species. These communities have harnessed this wealth of knowledge to address and alleviate a diverse array of afflictions effectively. Ethnomedicinal knowledge, a reservoir of valuable information, holds significant potential for the advancement of novel pharmaceuticals and therapeutic interventions.

The Meranao people are one of the largest indigenous groups in the Philippines. They are known for their rich culture and traditions, including their use of traditional medicine [2]. The Meranao people have a deep knowledge of the medicinal properties of the plants in their environment, and they use this knowledge to treat a variety of diseases and conditions. 

Ethnomedicine is the study of traditional medicinal practices and the use of plants and other natural substances for the treatment of diseases and conditions [3]. It is a comprehensive and intricate body of knowledge that spans a diverse array of subjects. These subjects include the identification, preparation, and administration of plants, as well as the beliefs and practices surrounding health, illness, and healing.

The significance of ethnomedicinal knowledge is multifaceted and warrants thorough examination. The investigation can yield significant findings pertaining to the therapeutic attributes of botanical specimens and other organic compounds. The data presented in this study holds potential for the advancement of pharmaceutical interventions and therapeutic approaches targeting a diverse range of diseases and medical conditions [4]. Furthermore, the utilization of ethnomedicinal knowledge has the potential to contribute significantly to the conservation of biodiversity. The indigenous population frequently exhibits a profound comprehension of the flora and fauna within their surroundings, leveraging this knowledge to effectively govern and uphold the integrity of their ecological assets [5]. Ethnomedicinal knowledge has the potential to contribute significantly to the promotion of cultural resilience and overall well-being. The traditional healing practices of indigenous peoples frequently manifest as a reflection of their cultural values and beliefs. The implementation of these practices has been found to have a positive impact on fostering a cohesive community and reinforcing individual identity. Additionally, engaging in these practices has been shown to empower individuals, granting them a greater sense of agency and autonomy in managing their personal health and overall well-being.

Despite the rich ethnomedicinal knowledge of the Maranao people, there is a lack of scientific evidence to support the efficacy of many of the plants they use [6]. This is attributable to a number of factors, including limited funding for research in this area and the challenges of conducting clinical trials on traditional medicine.

Nonetheless, there is a growing interest in the scientific evaluation of traditional medicine. This is due to the recognition that traditional medicine can be a valuable source of new drug leads and that it can provide effective and affordable treatments for a variety of diseases [7].

2.1 Study Area

Marawi City, formerly known as Dansalan, is the capital of the province of Lanao del Sur in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM), Philippines (Marawi City, Lanao Del Sur Profile – PhilAtlas, n.d.). It is situated in the interior of the coastal region, approximately 877 kilometers (545 miles) south of Manila, the metropolis of the Philippines. As of the 2020 census, the total geographical area of the city is 87.55 square kilometers (33.80 square miles), and its population is 207,010. Marawi City is a prominent tourism destination that is renowned for its rich culture and history. The city is home to a number of cultural and historical landmarks, including the Marawi Grand Mosque, the Sultan Dipatuan Kudarat Shrine, and the Lanao del Sur Provincial Capitol [8]. The city is also renowned for its scenic attractiveness, with its verdant mountains and crystal-clear lakes.

2.2 Data Mining

A systematic literature review was conducted to identify and analyze research articles and publications pertinent to the endemic medicinal plants used by the Maranao populace residing in Marawi City. The preceding concept paved the way for the discipline of data extraction. The present study involved the accumulation of data from a variety of published sources, including a comprehensive spectrum of scientific nomenclatures pertinent to the plants under investigation. In addition, information regarding the particular plant elements utilized and their respective ethnomedicinal applications was recorded. In addition, these plant-based remedies' preparation and formulation processes were documented. In addition, a thorough literature review was conducted to identify the bioactive compounds present in these preparations and to assess their corresponding biological activities.

The utilization of traditional medicine has been extensively documented across diverse cultures throughout history. Oral tradition [9] has been observed to function as the medium for the intergenerational transmission of ethnomedicinal knowledge of plants in the Philippines. The primary objective of this research was to document exhaustively the utilization patterns of medicinal plants among the Maranao community, particularly those residing in Marawi City. An exhaustive data mining effort resulted in the identification of a total of 23 plant species that were reported to possess medicinal properties. The Maranaos have historically employed these flora for various therapeutic purposes. The taxonomic classification of the different species resulted in the identification and classification of 18 distinct families. Each of these families was identified as specializing in the treatment of particular health disorders or maladies. In Table 1, the data disclosed that the families Euphorbiaceae and Fabaceae possessed the greatest species diversity in terms of their medicinal plant utilization. Specifically, the family Euphorbiaceae included three distinct species, whereas the family Fabaceae included four species. Conversely, the remaining families, namely Lauraceae, Combretaceae, Cornaceae, Calophyllaceae, Equisetaceae, Araceae, Myrtaceae, Athyriaceae, Actinidiaceae, Cyatheaceae, Pteridaceae, Dilleniaceae, Boraginaceae, Simaroubaceae, and Zingiberaceae, were each represented by a single species.

The results of this study indicate that the studied area contains a large number and variety of plant species with important medicinal properties. In addition, despite the urban location of the study area, residents have limited access to modern healthcare services, resulting in a reliance on traditional medicinal practices by the majority of the population. On the basis of the acquired empirical evidence, it has been determined that the leaves of numerous plant species are consistently and conspicuously employed in traditional medicine. In the research conducted by [10], the utilization of plant remedies by the Lanao del Sur-dwelling Meranao community was the primary focus of the investigation. Decoction, the simmering of leaves in water, followed by oral administration, was found to be a prevalent practice in the research. The regular consumption of leaves contributes considerably to the viability and perpetuation of valuable botanical species with medicinal properties, thereby ensuring the sustainable growth of these plants within a specific geographical region. This, in turn, meets the demands of rural communities dependent on medicinal plants for their healthcare [9]. Various plant parts, including the stem, roots, rhizome, foliage, and fruits, were frequently utilized for multiple purposes. The most prevalent health conditions observed in the study population were diarrhea-related gastrointestinal distress, respiratory maladies characterized by cold-like symptoms, including fever and congestion, and cephalalgia. The presence of non-communicable diseases, specifically hypertension, and Diabetes Mellitus, was also observed to be concerning. The formulation and ensuing distribution of botanical specimens depend on the specific ailment being treated. The most common method of preparation involves simmering or decoction of the plant component to the desired concentration. The preponderance of therapeutic interventions involved oral administration. In the context of immediate wound treatment, a traditional method involved the use of leaves. These leaves were subjected to mechanical force via pounding and compressing in order to extricate their liquid. Alternately, the leaves were heated before being administered topically or directly to the afflicted area.

According to the data presented in Table 1, it is evident that leaves are frequently employed in the therapeutic management of various maladies. As illustrated by Alangium longiflorum Merr. and Syzigium polyanthum, the mode of administration differs for multiple maladies. In these instances, the foliage of these plants is heated, which alleviates skin irritation. In contrast, when the leaves of Calophyllum blancoi and Ceratopteris thalictroides are subjected to simmering, they can be used for wound cleansing. Additionally, Macaranga bicolor and Diplazium esculentum are subjected to simmering, which facilitates their application in the treatment of common colds, congestion, and fever. The results of this study indicate that the use of medicinal plants has the potential to treat multiple diseases simultaneously.

In contrast, it has been observed that multiple species exhibit potential therapeutic properties for treating similar maladies through a shared mode of preparation, namely decoction or water simmering followed by oral consumption. Two plant species, namely Alocasia sanderiana and Micromelum compressum, have been identified as potential remedies for toothache. Utilizing a variety of administration techniques, scientific research has investigated the utilization of alternative species for therapeutic purposes. Local populations have been observed to use Homolanthus macradenius and Eurycoma longifolia as topical disinfectants for wound care, as well as oral remedies for congestion and inflammation.

In Table 1, a review of the 23 medicinal plants revealed that flavonoids, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, and alkaloids are the predominant bioactive constituents found in these plants. Flavonoids were present in each of the 23 medicinal plants examined. The flavonoids quercetin, kaempferol, and rutin are examples. According to [116], flavonoids exhibit a diverse spectrum of biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. In addition, phenolic compounds were detected in all twenty-three medicinal plants. The phenolic compounds tannins, phenolic acids, and stilbenes are examples. Phenolic compounds exhibit a wide range of biological activities, including notable characteristics such as antioxidant capacity, anti-inflammatory properties, and anticancer effects [117]. There were terpenoids present in 21 of 23 (91.3%) medicinal plants. Terpenoids include limonene, menthol, and artemisinin, among others. Terpenoids have numerous biological functions, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties [118]. 19 out of 23 medicinal plants contained alkaloids. Included among the alkaloids are morphine, quinine, and codeine. Alkaloids exhibit a wide range of biological activities [119], including analgesic, anesthetic, and psychotropic properties.

The chemical structures and biological activities of each group's compounds can vary significantly. Nonetheless, members of each group share some common characteristics. Typically, flavonoids are distinguished by their polyphenolic structures, phenolic compounds are distinguished by their hydroxyl groups attached to aromatic rings, terpenoids are characterized by their cyclic structures, and alkaloids are determined by their nitrogen-containing heterocyclic structures. The compounds discovered in the 23 medicinal plants have numerous potential medical and non-medical applications. For instance, flavonoids and phenolic compounds are used as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory drugs, and anticancer drugs in a variety of medications [116], [117]. Terpenoids are employed as antibiotics, anti-inflammatory pharmaceuticals, and anticancer medications [118]. Alkaloids are used as painkillers, anesthetics, and antidepressants in a variety of medications [119].

Residents of Marawi City dealt with a broad range of health issues, including trivial maladies such as skin conditions and stomachaches, as well as more persistent conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and goiter. This indigenous medical knowledge is a valuable foundation for future scientific investigations into the efficacy of these remedies and the exploration of bioactive compounds present in a variety of plants. To evaluate the therapeutic properties of the active components derived from these medicinal plants, however, comprehensive pharmacological evaluations must be conducted. According to [120] perspective, it is of the utmost importance not only to document this ethnomedicinal knowledge and conduct additional research but also to implement measures for the preservation of these medicinal plants in order to prevent their irreversible extinction.

This study sheds light on the valuable ethnomedicinal knowledge of the Meranao people, particularly those residing in Marawi City, Philippines. This indigenous community's extensive knowledge of the medicinal properties of native flora has the potential to contribute substantially to healthcare and biodiversity conservation. The study identified 23 plant species that have traditionally been used for medicinal purposes, highlighting the vast botanical diversity of the region. Families such as Euphorbiaceae and Fabaceae exhibited high species diversity, emphasizing their significance in local medicine. In spite of Marawi City's urban location, reliance on traditional medicine persists, primarily due to limited access to modern medical care. The most commonly utilized plant part was the leaf, which was frequently decocted or boiled before being administered orally. This practice not only addresses acute health concerns but also promotes the long-term viability of medicinal plant species. To utilize the full potential of this ethnomedicinal knowledge, it is essential to bridge the divide between traditional practices and modern science through rigorous pharmacological assessments. Additionally, conservation efforts must be implemented to protect these valuable plant species and the cultural heritage they represent.

This study is supported by the Department of Science and Technology - Accelerated Science and Technology Human Resource Development Programme (DOST-ASTHRDP) and the Centre of Integrative Health, Premier Research Institute of Science and Mathematics of the MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology in Iligan City, the Philippines.

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