Background: Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory, systemic disease, that produce it is most manifestations in the diarthadiol joint. The typical form of the disease is symmetrical, destructive and deforming polyarthritis affecting small and large synovial joints with associated systemic disturbances, a variety of extra articular features and presence of circulating anti globulin anti bodies Aim: The aim of this study was to detect the prevalence of sacroiliac joint involvement in in Iraqi patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis and its correlation to clinical and laboratory features. Patients and Methods: This study was carried on 97 (78females and 19 male) patients who full filled the ARA 1987 revised criteria for classification of RA and 78 (51 females and 27 males) patients having OA of the knee joints as a control group. Full clinical examination and sacroiliac joint stress test was done for all patients with RA. Results: Disease duration range from 1-30years, age from (20-70) backache was present in 51(52.6), rheumatoid nodules were present in 16(6,5%) patients. Most of patients show polyarticular pattern of the disease 93(95,9). Sacro iliac joint involvement was reported in 3(3,1) out of 97 rheumatoid patients and not involved in any patients of control group. There was positive correlation between Sacro iliac joint involvement and rheumatoid nodules (p<0.001), joint deformity(p<0.03) and duration of rheumatoid arthritis(p<0.001). While there was no correlation between sacroiliac joint involvement and backache, ESR level, HB level functional class (p values was 0.461,0.455,0.698 and 0.421 respectively). Conclusions: Sacroiliac joint involvement by rheumatoid arthritis is rare and usually symptomatic, it has positive correlation with joint deformity, disease duration and rheumatoid nodules.

Background: Infertility is a growing concern worldwide, with significant emotional, social, and financial implications for individuals and families. Despite advancements in infertility diagnostics and treatments, awareness of its causes, risk factors, and management options remains limited, particularly in rural areas. Kangra, a district in Himachal Pradesh, presents unique challenges due to socio-economic disparities and limited healthcare accessibility. Understanding the knowledge and perceptions of infertility among women in this region is crucial for designing effective educational interventions and support systems.Material and Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 women of reproductive age (18–45 years) in Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, from August to October 2024. Participants were selected using stratified random sampling to ensure representation from both rural and urban areas. Data were collected using a pre-validated, structured questionnaire comprising socio-demographic details, knowledge assessment on infertility causes and treatments, and barriers to seeking care. The responses were categorized into knowledge levels: Very Good (>80%), Good (60–79%), Fair (41–59%), and Poor (<40%). Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.Results: The study included 65% rural and 35% urban participants, with 40% in the 26–35 years age group. Educational diversity was evident, with 12% having no formal education and 23% holding undergraduate degrees. While 80% understood infertility as the inability to conceive after one year of regular, unprotected intercourse, only 69.5% were aware of advanced treatments such as in-vitro fertilization (IVF). Economic constraints (63.5%) and lack of awareness (58%) were identified as major barriers to seeking treatment. Knowledge scores revealed that 31% had very good awareness, 35% had good knowledge, 24% scored fair, and 10% demonstrated poor awareness.Conclusion: The study highlights encouraging awareness of general infertility concepts but significant gaps in understanding advanced treatments and overcoming barriers. Socio-demographic factors, particularly education and rural residence, influenced knowledge levels. Tailored educational initiatives, financial assistance programs, and integration of infertility counseling into primary healthcare services are recommended to bridge knowledge gaps and enhance access to care.

Nutritional health is critical to a child’s physical, cognitive, and emotional development, influencing lifelong well-being. However, pediatric nutritional deficiencies remain a persistent public health issue, particularly in underserved regions. Himachal Pradesh, with its socio-economic and geographic diversity, provides an ideal setting to study public awareness of pediatric nutritional deficiencies and the knowledge gaps that may hinder effective intervention.Material& Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted from August to October 2024 across Himachal Pradesh, targeting adults aged 18 and above who had resided in the region for a minimum of 12 months. A sample size of 400 participants was determined, with responses collected through a structured Google Forms questionnaire circulated via online platforms. The questionnaire contained sections on socio-demographics and 20 structured questions about pediatric nutrition, including essential nutrients, common deficiencies, and preventive measures. Scores were categorized as Very Good (>80%), Good (60-79%), Fair (41-59%), and Poor (<40%). Data analysis involved frequency and percentage calculations using Epi Info V7.Results: The study revealed moderate awareness levels regarding pediatric nutrition among participants, with 35.5% scoring in the "Good" category and only 26% demonstrating "Very Good" knowledge. While 54% could identify essential nutrients, awareness of specific deficiency symptoms varied; only 44.5% recognized signs of iron deficiency anemia, and 33% identified Vitamin A deficiency's impact on vision. Knowledge of preventive practices, such as dietary habits and hygiene's role in nutrition, was limited, with 49% and 56% awareness, respectively. Awareness of government initiatives like the Midday Meal Scheme and Anganwadi services was also low, at 42% and 44%.Conclusion: The findings highlight both foundational awareness and critical knowledge gaps in pediatric nutrition among Himachal Pradesh residents. Targeted educational programs focusing on nutrient-specific knowledge, preventive measures, and the promotion of accessible, local food sources are needed to improve public understanding. Enhanced visibility of government nutritional programs could further support child health in the region. By addressing these gaps, public health initiatives can significantly reduce preventable nutritional deficiencies and contribute to the overall well-being of children in Himachal Pradesh.

Background:Rickets, a preventable bone disorder primarily caused by vitamin D deficiency, remains a significant public health challenge in developing regions. Its prevalence is exacerbated by inadequate nutritional awareness and limited access to healthcare, especially in rural areas. This study evaluates the knowledge and awareness of rickets and nutritional deficiencies among the general population of Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, to identify gaps and inform targeted educational interventions.Material and Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 residents of Hamirpur using a structured questionnaire. The survey assessed socio-demographic factors, knowledge of rickets, its risk factors, symptoms, and prevention. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, with knowledge levels categorized as "Very Good," "Good," "Fair," or "Poor." Socio-demographic variables were correlated with knowledge levels to identify trends and gaps.Results: The study revealed that 65% of participants resided in rural areas, with a balanced gender distribution (53% female, 47% male). Most participants (37%) were aged 26–35 years, reflecting a population in their prime child-rearing years. Educational attainment varied, with 12% having no formal education and 10% holding postgraduate degrees. While 80% recognized rickets as a bone disease and 78% were aware of the role of vitamin D, only 67.5% understood the importance of dietary supplements. Knowledge of long-term complications (77%) and malnutrition as a risk factor (74%) was moderate. Overall, 27% of participants demonstrated "Very Good" knowledge, while 28% scored "Fair," indicating substantial gaps in awareness.Conclusion: This study highlights critical gaps in the public understanding of rickets, particularly regarding its preventive strategies and long-term implications. Tailored educational interventions that leverage community resources and local healthcare systems are essential to enhance awareness and promote child health in Hamirpur. Addressing these gaps can significantly reduce the burden of rickets and improve nutritional health in the region.

Background: Cerebral palsy (CP), a neurological disorder affecting movement and posture, poses significant challenges for affected individuals and their families. Awareness and early intervention play a pivotal role in improving outcomes, yet public knowledge about CP remains limited, particularly in rural areas. In Hamirpur, where access to specialized healthcare services is constrained, understanding the community’s awareness of CP is crucial to addressing misconceptions and promoting timely diagnosis and management.Material and Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study assessed the knowledge and awareness of CP among 400 residents of Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, from August to October 2024. Participants were selected through stratified random sampling and completed a structured questionnaire capturing socio-demographic details and knowledge of CP, including its symptoms, causes, management, and social implications. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and knowledge levels were categorized into four grades: very good (>80%), good (60–79%), fair (41–59%), and poor (<40%).Results: The study revealed a foundational awareness of CP among participants, with 74% correctly identifying CP as a neurological disorder and 81% recognizing its management potential through therapies. A majority (80%) understood the importance of early intervention, while 78.5% were aware of the role of inclusive education. However, gaps in knowledge were evident, particularly regarding the hereditary aspects of CP (71%) and socio-cultural barriers to care (70%). Knowledge scores classified 28% of participants as having very good knowledge, 34% good, 28% fair, and 10% poor. Rural residents and those with lower education levels demonstrated significantly lower awareness, highlighting disparities in information dissemination.Conclusion: While the general public in Hamirpur exhibits a basic understanding of CP, significant knowledge gaps persist, especially in technical and social aspects of care. Targeted educational programs, community-centered interventions, and advocacy efforts are essential to improve awareness, reduce stigma, and enhance early diagnosis and management of CP. Prioritizing CP as a public health concern can foster inclusive policies and improve quality of life for affected individuals and their families.

A descriptive study documenting the medicinal plants used by the Umayamnon tribe in Cabanglasan Bukidnon, Philippines was conducted. A total of 110 Umayamnon’s interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. A total of 50 species belonging to 29 families were recorded as used in treating illnesses such as urinary tract infection, stomach pains, wounds, high blood pressure, fever and cough. Among 50 species documented, there were 20 trees, 16 herbs, nine (9) shrubs, three(3) grasses and two(2) vines. Forty percent (40%) of the medicinal plants being recorded are obtained from trees. The most used part of the medicinal plants are leaves and they are prepared for oral applications. The widely used method for preparing the medicinal plants is decoction. Knowledge on health and conservation of the indigenous knowledge and the valuable medicinal plants resources among the Umayamnon is the main purpose of the study. Further laboratory investigations should be employed on plants for their active components and potential as pharmaceutical products.

Dental clinics and dental laboratories frequently transfer infections through dental impressions. Dental professionals who work with casts or impressions must follow a crucial protocol that includes disinfecting them to prevent the spread of infections caused by bacteria. The study aims to evaluate the effects of microwave and autoclave sterilization on the tensile and tear strengths of dental impression material. Materials and methods: Sixty specimens were prepared for the study using tensile and tear strength testing. To evaluate the impact of sterilization methods on the specimens, they were exposed to two sterilization methods: microwave and autoclave. The specimens were meticulously exposed to these sterilization techniques to evaluate any potential effects on their mechanical properties. Statistical analysis involved one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test at P ≤ 0.05. Results: Autoclave sterilization had no significant effect on the tearing strength of silicone, whereas microwave sterilization significantly reduced the tensile strength of all the silicones when compared to the control group specimens. Conclusions: Because chemical disinfection has limited success, autoclave sterilization could be considered to sterilize elastomeric impressions with complete elimination of disease-causing microorganisms.

Background: Eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are serious mental health conditions that significantly impact the physical and psychological well-being of adolescents. This study aims to assess the level of public awareness and knowledge about eating disorders among adolescents in District Solan, identifying gaps that can inform targeted public health interventions. Material and Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional survey was conducted from January to May 2024 among 400 students aged 14 to 18 years, enrolled in classes 9th to 12th in senior secondary schools across District Solan. Data were collected through a structured, self-administered online questionnaire, which assessed knowledge and awareness of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa across various dimensions, including symptoms, risk factors, consequences, and management. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics to identify significant patterns and gaps in awareness. Results: The study found that 82.0% of participants had heard of anorexia nervosa, while 73.8% were aware of bulimia nervosa. However, there were notable gaps in understanding specific symptoms, such as avoidance of eating (65.0%) and the use of laxatives or excessive exercise (65.5%). Awareness of risk factors was higher for societal pressures (72.3%) and media influence (68.8%) but lower for family history (61.3%) and psychological factors (65.8%). Overall, 23.5% of participants demonstrated excellent knowledge, while 16.8% fell into the poor knowledge category. Conclusion: The study highlights significant gaps in the knowledge and understanding of eating disorders among adolescents in District Solan. Targeted educational interventions are necessary to address these gaps, focusing on a comprehensive understanding of symptoms, risk factors, and treatment options. By integrating mental health education into school curricula and utilizing digital platforms for broader outreach, we can improve early recognition and management of eating disorders, ultimately enhancing the well-being of adolescents in the region.

Background: Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological malignancy characterized by the proliferation of clonal plasma cells in the bone marrow, leading to severe systemic complications. Despite advancements in its diagnosis and treatment, MM remains a significant public health concern due to its chronic nature and complex treatment regimens. Awareness and understanding of MM among the general population are critical for early diagnosis, effective management, and improved patient outcomes. This study aims to assess the awareness and knowledge about MM among adults in District Ambala, Haryana, India. Materials and Methods: A descriptive research approach with a cross-sectional survey design was utilized. The study was conducted in District Ambala, Haryana, between January 2024 and May 2024. The target population included adults aged 18 and above who had been residents of District Ambala for at least 12 months. A sample size of 400 adults was determined using a 95% confidence level, an estimated knowledge level of 50%, a 5% absolute error margin, and a 5% non-response rate. Data were collected using a Google form questionnaire comprising socio-demographic and MM-related knowledge questions. The questionnaire was pre-tested for clarity and validated by experts. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and Epi Info V7 software, with appropriate statistical tests for frequencies and percentages. Results: The study collected data from 400 participants. The age distribution showed a balanced representation across various age groups, with a slight male predominance (55.8%). The majority of participants were married (54.0%) and primarily Hindu (69.8%). Employment status varied, with 52.5% employed, 24.5% students, and 23.0% unemployed. Knowledge assessment revealed high awareness of MM's basic understanding (71.8%), curability (69.3%), and diagnostic steps (70.8%). However, lower awareness was noted for the stages of MM (42.3%), bone marrow transplant roles (40.0%), and new treatment advancements (41.3%). Overall, 23.3% of participants had very good knowledge, while 30.3% had fair knowledge, and 19.8% had poor knowledge. Significant associations were found between knowledge levels and socio-demographic factors such as age, gender, marital status, religion, employment, and education. Conclusion: The study highlights critical knowledge gaps in the public's understanding of MM, particularly in specific aspects of the disease. These gaps necessitate targeted educational interventions. Socio-demographic factors significantly influence knowledge levels, indicating the need for tailored public health strategies to enhance MM awareness and understanding. Improving public awareness can lead to better early diagnosis, management, and outcomes for MM patients in District Ambala, Haryana.

In the face of escalating antimicrobial resistance (AMR), Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) has emerged as a crucial tool in managing infectious diseases and curbing the spread of resistant pathogens. This review article delves into the disk diffusion methods, notably the Kirby-Bauer and Stokes techniques, underscoring their pivotal role in guiding antimicrobial therapy and contributing to epidemiological surveillance. While highlighting the operational principles, procedural nuances, and interpretative frameworks of these methods, the review also addresses the inherent challenges they face, including limitations with slow-growing bacteria and potential interpretative inaccuracies. Amidst these challenges, recent technological advancements promise significant improvements in the accuracy, reliability, and efficiency of AST. Innovations such as automated zone reading, enhanced media, and real-time monitoring, coupled with the potential integration of artificial intelligence and genomic data, are poised to revolutionize AST. This article underscores the imperative for ongoing innovation and adaptation in AST methodologies to effectively combat the evolving threat of AMR, emphasizing a collaborative global effort towards this end. As we navigate the complexities of antimicrobial resistance, the advancements in disk diffusion methods and the prospect of integrating cutting-edge technologies herald a new era of precision in the management of infectious diseases, promising to enhance patient outcomes and safeguard public health.

Background: Diabetes and hypertension are among the most prevalent non-communicable diseases globally, presenting significant public health challenges, particularly in rural areas. This study aimed to assess the awareness and knowledge of diabetes and hypertension among the general population of District Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, to identify gaps in public understanding and inform targeted public health initiatives. Material and Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional survey was conducted from January to May 2024 in District Kullu, Himachal Pradesh. The study targeted adults aged 18 years and above who had been residents of the district for at least 12 months. A sample size of 400 participants was determined using a 95% confidence level and a 5% margin of error. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire divided into two sections: socio-demographic information and 20 knowledge and awareness questions related to diabetes and hypertension, covering symptoms, risk factors, prevention, and management strategies. The data were analyzed using Epi Info V7 software, with results expressed as frequencies and percentages. Results: The study found that 81.8% of participants were aware of diabetes, and 79.8% were aware of hypertension. However, specific knowledge about symptoms, risk factors, prevention, and management strategies varied significantly. While frequent urination and excessive thirst were recognized as symptoms of diabetes by 65.8% and 63.0% of participants respectively, awareness of fatigue (59.5%) and slow healing of wounds (57.0%) was lower. For hypertension, headaches (67.0%) and shortness of breath (62.8%) were more commonly known symptoms, but fewer participants were aware of nosebleeds (59.3%) and blurred vision (57.3%). Knowledge of risk factors such as obesity (68.3%) and a sedentary lifestyle (64.5%) was relatively high, but awareness of high salt intake (58.0%) and family history (54.5%) as risk factors was less prevalent. Overall, 25.8% of participants demonstrated very good knowledge, 29.8% had good knowledge, 28.5% had fair knowledge, and 16.0% had poor knowledge. Conclusion: The study highlights that while general awareness of diabetes and hypertension is high in District Kullu, significant knowledge gaps remain, particularly in understanding specific symptoms, risk factors, and management strategies. These gaps could hinder early diagnosis and effective management, leading to higher morbidity and healthcare costs. Public health initiatives must focus on comprehensive education and outreach programs to improve knowledge and awareness across the population, thereby enhancing prevention, early detection, and management of these chronic conditions

Background: Developmental milestones, which include key physical, cognitive, social, and emotional achievements, serve as indicators of a child's progress. Timely recognition of these milestones is essential for identifying developmental delays and initiating interventions. This study aims to assess the level of community awareness of developmental milestones among parents, caregivers, and healthcare workers in Chamba district and identify gaps that could inform targeted interventions. Material & Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in Chamba district, involving 200 parents/caregivers and 100 healthcare workers. Participants were selected using purposive and random sampling methods. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire that assessed demographic information and awareness of key developmental milestones in physical, cognitive, social, and emotional domains. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 25, employing descriptive statistics and inferential tests to explore associations between demographic factors and awareness levels. Results: The study revealed that 40% of parents/caregivers had low awareness of developmental milestones, compared to only 15% of healthcare workers. Moderate awareness was observed in 46.7% of participants, while only 21.6% exhibited high awareness. Physical milestones, such as walking, were the most recognized (75%), while emotional milestones were the least understood (46.7%). Healthcare professionals were identified as the primary source of information for both groups. Key barriers to accessing information included geographical isolation (50%) and lack of healthcare facilities (41.7%). Conclusion: Significant gaps in community awareness of developmental milestones were identified, particularly among parents and caregivers. To bridge these gaps, targeted interventions are needed, focusing on education, improving access to information, and addressing socio-economic and cultural barriers. Sustainable, context-specific strategies, such as community-based education and mobile health services, are essential for enhancing early recognition of developmental delays and improving child development outcomes in Chamba district.

Insulin autoimmune syndrome (IAS), also known as Hirata disease, is a rare cause of hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia characterized by the presence of insulin autoantibodies (IAA). Here, we present a case of a 46-year-old Indian female from a sub-Himalayan region who developed recurrent hypoglycemic episodes following initial hyperglycemia symptoms. The patient's condition was attributed to high titers of insulin autoantibodies induced by alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) supplementation, which she had been consuming as part of her health regimen. Diagnosis was confirmed by elevated IAA levels (>100 U/ml). Management involved withdrawal of ALA and supportive dietary measures, leading to spontaneous resolution of symptoms after three months.

Medicinal plants have emerged as important sources of natural antibacterial chemicals and other activities that could help heal many complex ailments worldwide. Hyptis capitata, which belongs to the Lamiaceae family and is also known as knobweed, is used by most of the Indigenous people of the Philippines as one of their traditional treatments for treating various ailments. The plant’s phytochemical constituents were screened in a qualitative test. The biological activities were evaluated, such as antioxidants through the DPPH assay, and antibacterial activity through the disc diffusion test. The results showed that Hyptis capitata leaf extract contains alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and tannins. The antioxidant activity showed more radical scavenging activity in 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (IC₅₀ of 57ppm) and higher phenolic content (22 mg/GAE). The plant extract's 30 mg/ml concentration had the highest ZOI of 9.11 mm against Bacillus cereus and 6 mm against Proteus vulgaris. The phytochemical constituents of Hyptis capitata and its antioxidant and antibacterial activity may validate the use of the plant in traditional medicine. Thus, further studies should be conducted to evaluate the plant’s potential for drug discovery and development.