Background: Cervix cancer is one of the common cancers among women and an important global health problem. As the cervical cancer progresses, changes appear in haematological parameters which have been of relevant consideration in context of cancer patients. Blood group antigens may influence the systemic inflammatory response, that has been associated with the malignancies. Objectives: This review highlight on the haematological alterations among cervical cancer patients and the association between blood groups and cervical cancer disease. The symptoms of cervix cancer in premenopausal women are irregular vaginal bleeding, vaginal bleeding after intercourse and watery vaginal discharge and severe pelvic pain caused by tumor metastasis in bone. The incidence and mortality rate of cervical cancer are more prevalent in Africa, Southeast Asia, Latin America, Central and Eastern Europe. There are a significant decreases in the RBCs count, hemoglobin content and Hct value among cervical cancer patients when compared with the healthy individuals. The incidence of anaemia and thrombocytopaenia were significantly higher among cervical cancer subjects compared to controls. Leukocytosis, lymphopenia, neutrophilia, NLR and PLR were higher in patients with cancer when compared with the controls and were consistently elevated during tumor progression. In addition to age of patients and determination of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratios may help in decision making precancerous pathologies of the cervix. Blood group antigens may influence the systemic inflammatory response, that has been associated with the malignancies The ABO antigen expressed on the surface of malignant cells appears to be different from the antigen expressed on normal tissue. The different expression of antigens on the surface of cancer cells might alter motility, apoptosis and immune escape. ABO blood group phenotype is different among different region hence distribution among cervical carcinoma is also different for particular region and also heterogeneity in result largely depends on study design, sample size, races, socioeconomic status and other associated factors like sexual partners, number of biological fathers, number of children and the use of contraceptive. Association between gynecological cancers and ABO blood groups were significantly found higher in blood type A, followed by B, O and minimum association of gynecological cancers were found in blood type AB. A strong association between incident of carcinoma of cervix and blood group A and weaker association with blood group B and individuals with blood group O appear to be more resistant to the development of cancers. Women of blood group A might be at higher risk of cancers involves diminished immunological surveillance. Conclusion: The current review showed a significant alterations in haematological parameters among cervical cancer patients and a strong association between incident of cervical cancer and blood groups.

The research was carried out to determine the effects of graded levels of hydrocarbon contamination on the growth performance of African Land Snail (Achatina marginata). A total of 60 snails were used with 6 groups, a control group and 5 treatments with 10 replicates per treatment. They were fed with broiler finisher and the 5 treatments were contaminated with different percentages of crude oil as follows; 0.075, 0.15, 0.30, 0.75 and 1.5% in their feed while the control group had no crude oil. The weight of the snails were measured to determine the weight gained and the change in weight per week, while the level of Total Hydrocarbon Content (THC) was determined using a spectrophotometer. The results for THC indicate that there was a gradual increase in the value from treatment 1 to treatment 5 with treatment 5 having the highest value of 2279.17ppm. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the value of Total Hydrocarbon Content across the treatments. The results for change in weight ranged from 2.88g to 7.05g with the highest recorded in the control group and the least recorded in Treatment 4. The study reveals that the growth performance of snails are affected negatively by the crude oil contaminated food while the snails have a high capacity to accumulate hydrocarbons in the tissues indicating that snails can act as bio monitors of crude oil pollution at low levels and accidental consumption of contaminated snails can pose serious health risk to the consumer.

ackground/Aim: Listeriosis caused by Listeria species, is one of the emerging bacterial zoonotic diseases worldwide. Listeria monocytogenes is of veterinary and public health significance among the different species of Listeria known. L. monocytogenes has been identified from various food sources both of plant and animal origin. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of L. monocytogenes from both raw cow milk and poultry “droppings” in Jos, Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional study were 150 samples, comprising of 80 samples of raw cow milk and 70 samples of poultry “droppings” were collected and examined using cultural and biochemical tests for the identification of Listeria species other than L. monocytogenes while in addition PCR was used for the identification of L. monocytogenes. Out of the 80 raw cow milk and 70 poultry “droppings” collected and examined, 6(7.50%) and 4(5.71%) were positive for L. monocytogenes respectively. In total, four species of Listeria were identified including L. ivanovii (10.67%), L. monocytogenes (6.67%), L. grayi (4.67%) and L. welshimeri (2.00%). Of the 10 L. monocytogenes subjected to polymerase chain reaction, 50% were confirmed as L. monocytogenes. This study has confirmed L. monocytogenes and L. ivanovii as the most prevalent species in raw cow milk and poultry “droppings” therefore proper pasteurization and hygiene practices should be put in place to avert the dangers of consuming contaminated milk. More so, proper use and disposal of poultry “droppings” should be observed strictly.

In this study, fasting blood glucose (FBG) and HbA1C level of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, together with reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in their serum. In addition, the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and glutathione reductase (GSH-Rd) enzymes in erythrocytes were determined and compared with the health group. Blood samples were taken from a total of 81 individuals, of which 60 T2DM and 21 were healthy controls. FBG and HbA1C values were determined by using a commercial kit. GSH, GSSG and MDA amounts were determined by HPLC. Activities of GSH-Px and GSH-Rd enzymes were determined using UV-spectrophotometer. It was found that, FBG, HbA1C, GSSG and MDA levels of patients with T2DM were higher than the control group, on the other hand level of GSH was found to be significantly lower than the control group (p<0.001). While the GSH-Px activity in the erythrocytes of the patients with T2DM increased, the GSH-Rd activity decreased significantly when it was compared to the control group (p<0.001). The decrease in the amount of GSH and the GSH/GSSG ratio, and the increase in the amount of GSSG and MDA in patients with T2DM could be the related with the oxidative stress caused by higher glucose level in T2DM patients.

Background: The coronavirus pandemic is the focus of the government. The effort to reduce the rate of transmission is to take precautions. One of the preventions that can be done is to use a mask. Aim: The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between Knowledge, Attitudes, and Motivation with Obedience Using masks as COVID-19 Transmission. Method: The study was a cross-sectional study, a sampling technique using Snowball, a semi-structured online questionnaire developed using google forms. Participants in the study were those with social media accounts and had access to the Internet. Data analysis uses a chi-square test of significance values of 5% (0.05). Results: Variables associated with obedience using mask are knowledge (p=0.000), attitude (0.00), and motivation (0.004). Conclusion: The conclusion of this study is significant factors related to obedience using masks are knowledge, attitude, and motivation. It is recommended to conduct health education to the public to increase knowledge, and public awareness in making efforts to prevent COVID-19.

Background: The year 2019 in Kab. East Flores for toddlers aged 6-24 months with the number of children under five measured as many as 4869, the normal number 3561, the number of stunting being 1334 with a percentage of 27.25%. And for toddlers aged 6-24 months the number of stunting is 1456 with a percentage of 25.52% of the number of children under five measured 5689. The purpose of this study was to determine the socio-cultural relationship of patriarchy with the incidence of stunting. Aim: The population in this study were all fathers who had children aged 6-24 months. Method: The research method used is descriptive analytic qualitative with a cross sectional approach. The sample size obtained was 373 using the proportional random sampling formula, sampling in this study used the Accidental Sampling method. The analysis technique used is Chi square and multiple logistic regression. Results: The results showed that the variables related to the incidence of stunting were patriarchal culture (P value = 0.001; OR = 2.077), father's role (P value = 0.004; OR = 1.854), father's occupation (P value = 0.009; OR = 1.793), father's knowledge (P value = 0.006; OR = 1.831. Conclusion: The risk factors for stunting in toddlers 6 to 24 months in the East Flores community are patriarchal culture, father's role, father's occupation and father's knowledge. Factors most related to the incidence stunting in toddlers in this study is the role of the father with a P-value of 0.001.

Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome is a common endocrinopathy typified by oligoovulation or anovulation, signs of androgen excess, and multiple small ovarian cysts. Nesfatin-1 is an eighty-two amino acid length polypeptide derived from calcium and DNA binding protein. It is secreted from the hypothalamus and brain stem, and involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis related with food regulation and water intake. Aim of the study: Is to evaluate the correlation between Nesfatin-1 and PCOS and whether this effect- if present- is due to obesity associated with PCOS or due to metabolic effect of PCOS regardless to BMI. Study design: A cross sectional study that was done at Al-yarmouk Teaching hospital /obstetrics and gynecology department /Baghdad /Iraq from February to December 2019. Subjects and Methods: Ninety-four participants have been enrolled in the current study they were grouped into 46 Polycystic ovarian syndrome (case) group and 48 non-PCOS (control) group .The PCOS group was subdivided into 31 obese and 15 normal body weight women, and a matched BMI subdivision for control group in which there were 32 obese and 16 normal BMI; for assessing the effect of obesity on Nesfatin -1 regardless to the metabolic effect of PCOS. Laboratory investigation had been performed to all participants at early follicular phase of their cycle; which include hormonal study, thyroid function test, lipid profile test, and S. Nesfatin-level. The results were tabulated and processed. Results: The PCOS groups and non PCOS group were matched in age and BMI (p= 0.454, and 0.224), but they were significantly different in W/H ratio (p=0.007). Hormonal study showed a significant difference in s. LH, prolactin, estrogen and testosterone but not for FSH. Lipid profile was also significantly different between the two groups in terms of Triglyceride LDL and VLDL, while S.C holestrol and HDL show no significant difference between the two groups. The Mean of Nesfatin -1 was significantly lower in PCOS group (0.44 ng/ml) compared to (0.86) for the non PCOS group (P value =0.001), cutoff value was 0.65 ng/ml with a sensitivity 93.5%, specificity of 79% and accuracy of 86.2%. When Nesfatin-1 level was compared between normal and obese subjects it was significantly lower in obese in PCOS and non PCOS groups (p value =0.004 and 0.007 respectively. Nesfatin-1 had a moderate negative correlation with testosterone (r=0.455, p-0.0001) Conclusions: In the current study Nesfatin -1 was negatively correlated with PCOS, at a cutoff value 0.65 ng/ml with an accuracy of 86.2% and can be used as a marker for prediction of PCOS. Nesfatin -1 was negatively correlated with obesity regardless to the PCOS effect. There was a significant difference between W/H ratio between PCOS and non PCOS groups, s. Testosterone shows a moderate negative correlation with Nesfatin -1.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) has been declared a global health emergency by the World Health Organization in January 2020. Since then, there has been an impulse to find out a therapeutic measure to combat the virus and subside the disease. In the current crisis scenario, when compared to the discovery of new drugs, repurposing the use of existing drugs was thought to be a wiser choice. As the antiviral actions of the antimalarials like hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine have been known for quite a long time, its use in COVID 19 has been studied. The objective of this study is to elucidate the role of hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID 19, its efficacy and safety. Methods: A comprehensive search of databases such as PubMed, Cochrane, Elsevier, Google Scholar, Medline, Embase was carried out. 2528 articles were identified, of which 10 articles were taken for the meta-analysis after several phases of exclusion, to improve the quality and precision of the results. Results: Out of the 10 studies selected, the results of 9 studies were against the efficacy of hydroxychloroquine, while 1 study favoured the use of hydroxychloroquine. The result of our statistical analysis was that OR=0.920 (95% CI; 0.6402 to 1.367) for the effect of hydroxychloroquine on mortality reduction in COVID 19 patients. Conclusion: The use of hydroxychloroquine did not reduce the time taken for clinical recovery, the length of hospital stay, the need for mechanical ventilation or the mortality rate. The use of HCQ for pre and post exposure prophylaxis also did not show any benefits.

A review of the various aspects of enzyme immobilization is discussed.  Being natural catalysts that accelerate specific biochemical reactions, enzymes, in a restricted or confined state has attracted research and industry interest. The advantages of enzyme immobilization are more stability, allows the development of a multi-enzyme reaction system, reduces effluent disposal problems, while the limitations of immobilized enzymes can include its additional bearing on cost, it also invariably affects the stability and activity of enzymes. Immobilized enzymes can be applied in the food, pharmaceutical, medical and manufacturing industry. This   review is a highlight of current trends in enzyme immobilization support  and applications.

Abdominoplasty or ‘tummy tuck’ is a cosmetic or can be a reconstructive surgery aimed at tighten muscles that become loose or split following pregnancy, or to remove fat and extra loose skin from the abdomen after massive weight loss. In most cases, it will restore weakened or separated muscles, help alleviate pain, improve bladder function, reduce itching and skin infections caused by excess skin, and change the shape and tone of the abdomen to create a firmer and smoother profile. Patients and Method: a prospective study of twenty six patients (all are females), aged between 24 years and 46 years (mean age: 35 years) underwent tummy tuck abdominoplasty over 10 months (September 2015-augest 2016). All patients were having excess fat and skin. All patients reported a weight loss between15 kg and 23 kg (average weight lost: 19 kg). The average weight of the patients prior to the tummy tuck abdominoplasty was 82 kg (range 72-92). Results: of the minor complications, haematoma occurs in two patients (7.7%); partial skin necrosis occurs in one patient (3.8%); seroma occurs in four patients (15.83%). Wound dehiscence occurs in two patients (7.7%); delayed wound healing occurs in two patients (7.7%); one of them was the same patients who developed wound infection and the other was having high body mass index (>26%). Wound dehiscence and delayed wound healing is often associated with wound infection; the most common organisms isolated were Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. Umbilical necrosis occurs in one patient (3.8%); Of the major complications, blood loss of 400-500cc occurs in one patient (3.8%); wound infection documented both clinically and by positive gram stain for a swab taken from the site of incision occurs in two patients (7.7%). In conclusionGood preoperative assessment including detailed history and physical examination, considering the contraindication for the procedure and giving more attention to the intraoperative technique; all of these may decrease the incidence and risk of complications.

When a portion of the viscera protrudes through the wall of the cavity in which it is contained, this is called a hernia. Abdominal wall hernias occur when facial flaws in the abdominal wall allow for the protrusion. It is estimated that 700,000 people in the United States get abdominal hernia surgery every year. Asymptomatic hernias are common, but incarcerated or strangulated hernias necessitate rapid surgical intervention. The process of making a diagnosis is known as clinical diagnosis. Surgical repair is the only option for treatment.A prospective study in the surgical field was carried out in Baquba Teaching Hospital from September 2015 to July 2016.During the trial, 438 people were enrolled. Hernias were found in all of the patients who attended the surgery conference (Inguinal, umbilical, paraumbilical and incisional hernias). In conclusion: The inguinal, umbilical, paraumbilical, and incisal hernias are the most frequent types of abdominal wall hernias in adults. When a hernia repair fails because of a flaw in one area, all kinds of problems might arise. Surgeons who are well-versed in the latest techniques for hernia surgery can greatly reduce the risk of problems. In order to prevent iatrogenic injury to neighboring organs like nerves, arteries, or bowel, a well-trained doctor with thorough understanding of the anatomy of the anterior abdominal wall should execute the treatment in order to avoid problems such as seroma, haematoma, persistent discomfort, and recurrence.

Background: Numerous endocrine conditions affect the thyroid. Most of the time, these ailments are not correctly diagnosed. Patients may generally go untreated because of a lack of knowledge and understanding of the impacts of thyroid disorders. This study intends to determine the general public's degree of knowledge of thyroid disease signs, risk factors, and preventive measures. Material & Methods: This cross-sectional survey of residents of Punjab was carried out between March 2022 and April 2022 using Google forms. Until 400 replies were gathered, the questionnaire was distributed among state citizens in rural and urban areas via email and social media sites such as WhatsApp groups, Facebook, Instagram, and LinkedIn. We collected data on their socio-demographic traits and awareness about Thyroid Disorders. Epi info v7 software was used to evaluate the data using the necessary statistical tests. Results: A total of 400 respondents participated in the study, with 237 (59.25%) coming from rural areas and 163 (40.75%) from urban areas. The majority's participants included 387 (96.75 percent) Hindus, 269 (67.25 percent) males, 173 (43.25 percent) people in their 18 to 30s, 155 (38.75 percent) graduates, 266 (66.5 percent) working people, 238 (59.5 percent) married people. In the current study, 76 (19.0 percent) of the participants had perfect awareness about Thyroid Disorders (32-40 marks), 169 (42.25 percent) had good awareness and perception (24-31 marks), 132 (33.0 percent) had fair awareness and perception (16-23 effects), and 23 (5.7 percent) had a poor understanding (<16 marks). Conclusion: The survey results showed that the general public's understanding of the thyroid gland, its functions, risk factors, causes of thyroid disease, clinical symptoms, and prevention of thyroid disorders were either insufficient or unsatisfactory. The current study supports public education initiatives and awareness efforts on thyroid problems.

Background: This hypertension problem is a health challenge in Indonesia. The tendency to increase the prevalence of hypertension in the productive age group is one of them caused by the level of busyness and an unhealthy lifestyle, thus increasing the risk of hypertension in the productive age group. Aim: The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship of physical activity, smoking habits, excessive salt consumption and alcohol consumption with the incidence of hypertension at the age of 15-64 years. Method: The type of research used is quantitative with case control research design. The population in this study is all patients who visit and treat to the general poly recorded in the report register at the Neglasari Health Center. The sample in this study was 400 respondents. The sample was taken using a simple random technique. The instruments used are check sheets and questionnaires. Data analyzed using chi square test. Results: The results of the study showed that factors that were proven to be related to the incidence of hypertension were physical activity (p=0.000), smoking (p=0.000), salt (p=0.000), and alcohol (p=0.000). Conclusion: A factor that has been shown to be associated with the incidence of hypertension is physical activity. smoking, salt and alcohol. It is recommended to health workers to provide education to the community, especially the productive age about hypertension prevention.

In order to access the prevalence and sensitivity pattern of urinary pathogens, aseptically collected 50 midstream urine samples from some students of Federal Polytechnic Nekede were investigated using standard microbiological cultural methods. Samples were cultured on CLED and Nutrient agar media. Disk diffusion method was used for antibiotic testing. Of the 50 urine samples 28 yielded significant growths with a prevalence rate of 50%. It was observed that females were more infected than the males with a prevalence rate of 53.6 and 46.4% respectively (ages 22-28 years). Pseudomonas species and Escherichia coli were the most predominant isolates. The isolates were sensitive to Gentamycin, Chloramphenicol and Ofloxacin, but were mostly resistant to Septrin, Sparfloxacin, Perfloxacin and Amoxacillin. Therefore, Chloramphenicol, Gentamycin, Ofloxacin are strongly recommended for the treatment of Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) as indicated in the study.

Learning styles and approaches for gaining knowledge vary considerably among individual undergraduate medical students. Students differ in their preferred methods of acquiring, processing and recalling new information. This study aimed to investigate the learning style preferences among undergraduate medical students by using the standardized VARK questionnaire and determining the relationships of learning preferences with their gender and academic performances. The study was conducted among 108 undergraduate (1st year) medical students of Government Medical College Srinagar. The Visual, Auditory, Read/Write and Kinesthetic (VARK) methods of learning was assessed among the students. Association of learning style preferences with gender and academic performance was determined by chi-square test, student independent t-test and one-way ANOVA. In this study 35.2, 47.2, 15.7 and 1.9% of students preferred unimodal, bimodal, trimodal and tetramodal learning styles respectively. Among students with unimodal learning style, kinaesthetic modality (20.4%) was the most preferred learning style whereas read/write (1.9%) was the least preferred style. No significant difference was observed in the preferred modality according to gender (p = 0.404) and academic performance (p = 0.643). To conclude, students have varied learning styles for acquiring knowledge. Assessment of their preferred learning styles early in the course and subsequent planning of suitable teaching-learning methods will lead to the optimal success of students.

Puerperal genital haematomas though less common causes of PPH but can cause maternal morbidity and mortality. We report a case of a 22-year-old primigravida patient reffered to our hospital in a state of shock with a huge vulval hematoma after vaginal delivery. Patient was managed by surgical debridement of hematoma and supportive measures. Early diagnosis of puerperal hematomas is very important because many complications can be prevented with early diagnosis and treatment. Vulvar hematomas though uncommon, can rapidly evolve into a life threatening condition if not managed appropriately.

Classification can be defined as the procedure to differentiate things or characteristics in various groups according to their features. Malocclusion has a vast variety of features and are differentiated in various aspects. Therefore, malocclusion and classification go hand in hand. Angle’s system of classification laid the milestone, after that many classifications were proposed which included all the 3 planes of space and were effective one for orthodontic treatment. Therefore, the main objective of this article is to provide a brief display of various classifications of malocclusion and their importance in orthodontics.

Background: Cervix cancer is one of the most common cancers in women worldwide and is the third most common malignant disease in women. It is one of the main health problems in Libyan women. Blood act as a pathological reflector of the status of the exposed patient to infections and other conditions. Laboratory tests on the blood are vital tools that help detect any deviation from normal in the human body. As the disease progresses, changes appear in haematological parameters which have been of relevant consideration in the context of cancer patients. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the distribution of cervical cancer according to regions, age and blood groups in patients attending Sabratha National Cancer Institute in Western Libya. Subjects and Methods: The present study was conducted on 150 cervical cancer patients, attending the National Cancer Institute of Sabratha from the 11th February 2006 to the 3rd February 2020. This study was approved by the Research and Ethical Committee of Sabratha University and Sabratha National Cancer Institute. Age was extracted from patient files. Also, 60 healthy individuals without any chronic disease were recruited for the control group. Blood samples were collected by vein puncture. Blood samples were collected by vein puncture. 1 ml of venous blood was withdrawn from each participant in the study by using disposable syringes under the aseptic technique for determination of blood groups. The data was compared using Chi-Square using SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26. Results: The results showed that the mean age of the cervix cancer patients was 53.37±11.6 years. The higher distribution of cervix cancer patients was 42.7% in the age group (45-54) years while the lower distribution of cervix cancer patients was 1.3% in the age group (85-94) years. The distribution of patients according to the region were gradually 20.7, 20, 19.3, 13.3, 8, 7.3, 6.7 and 4.7% in Tripoli, South Libya, Zawia, East Libya, Surman, Aljabl Algarbi, West Sabratha and Sabratha, respectively. The distribution of A, B, AB and O blood groups were 24.7, 16.7, 11.3 & 47.3% and 36.7, 17.3, 4.7 & 41.3%, among healthy individuals and cervix cancer patients, respectively. The distribution of Rh⁺ and Rh^- blood groups showed a significant (p<0.01) difference between healthy individuals and cervix cancer patients that, were 82 & 18% and 95.3 & 4.7%, respectively. The distribution of A⁺, A^-, B⁺, B^-, AB⁺, AB^-, O⁺ and O^- blood groups were 23.3, 1.7, 11.7, 5, 6.7, 5, 38.3 & 8.3% and 34.7, 2, 14.7, 2.7, 4.7, 0, 41.3 & 0% among healthy individuals and cervix cancer patients, respectively. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the mean age of the cervix cancer patients was 53.37years and the higher distribution of cervix cancer patients was in the age group (45-54) years. The distribution of A, B, AB and O blood groups were 36.7, 17.3, 4.7 & 41.3%, among cervix cancer patients. The distribution of Rh+ and Rh- blood groups were 95.3 & 4.7%, among cervix cancer patients. Further studies are needed to confirm these results.

This research effort evaluated the effects of used engine oil on the growth of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) juveniles. A total of fifty C. gariepinus juveniles of mean weight 83±0.89g were stocked in 5 plastic containers. These containers were exposed to different concentrations of used engine oil (control (0.00mL/L), 2, 4, 8 and 16mL/L)) for 30 days. Weekly growth performance indices and water quality parameters (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH) were measured using standard procedures. From the result obtained, it was observed that the tank containing the highest concentration of used engine oil (16mg/L) had the highest mortality of the juveniles and the lowest mean weight gain. It is therefore established that the higher the concentration of used engine oil in the water body the more damage caused to fishes by impeding their growth and causing death especially over long time exposure. This is due to the presence of Polychlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) and heavy metals contained in it. Therefore, it is recommended that industrial wastes be treated before disposal into the aquatic ecosystems in order to sustain the aquatic species for the future. The enforcement of laws and legislations guiding disposal for the protection of aquatic environment should be enhanced and taken into consideration.

This manuscript addresses the impressions of Darcy-Forchheimer flow of hydromagnetic viscous incompressible fluid in a vertical infinite porous channel. The governing equations in dimensionless form is considered to the analysis. Implicit-finite difference scheme is employed to obtain the numerical solutions of the non-linear differential equations governing the flow. Relevance fluid flow quantities are found and portrayed graphically. Also, skin-friction, Nusselt number and Sherwood number are numerically examined. It is understood that velocity, temperature and concentration of the fluid change substantially with Forchheimer parameter, variable viscosity parameter, thermal conductivity parameter and chemical reaction parameter.

Immediately dissolving pills appear as one of the most popular and widely accepted dosage forms, especially in pediatric patients due to poor development of the musculoskeletal system and the condition of elderly patients suffering from Parkinson's disease or hand tremors. There are very few dosage forms such as pills and pills nowadays that deal with problems such as difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), which leads to many acts of disobedience and making treatment ineffective. The oral dose form and the oral route are the most common. The preferred treatment regimen for various medications has limitations such as first pass metabolism, psychiatric patients, bedridden patients and non-partners. FDTS are dispersed or dispersed rapidly in the saliva without the need for water. Soluble F pills are designed to melt saliva very quickly, within a few seconds (less than 60 seconds) and those real pills disperse quickly. FDTS forms contain super disintegrants to improve the rate of tablet dispersion in the buccal cavity. FDT has benefits such as ease of use and productivity, accurate measurement, good chemical and physical stability and an ideal alternative for elderly and pediatric patients. FDTS dispersed rapidly, absorbing rapidly, therefore, in vitro drug release time improves and this drug package (dosage form) improves bioavailability. FDT formulation has its advantages in both the standard tablet formulation and the liquid volume form. There are several standard or patented technologies based on spray drying, cotton candy process, sublimation, granular melting, direct compression freezing dryer/lyophilization, phase transformation process, mass extrusion, etc. has been developed for the implementation of FDTs. In this review it contains a brief overview of FDTS including definition, benefits, requirements or requirements of FDTS, key features of FDTs, limitations, challenges to developing FDT, marketing of rapidly dispersed tablets, etc.

Exposure to environmental pollutants interestingly is increasingly becoming a globally concern due to diversity of toxic effects attributable to environmental toxins. The present work aimed to evaluate phytoremediation potential of Justicia carnea hydromethanolic leaf extract as assessed by cadmium mediated perturbations in the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, lipid peroxidation, hyperglycaemia, and hyperlipidiaemia in male wistar rats. Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify the important physio-chemical constituents of Justicia carnea. The treatment groups consisted of randomly selected 5 rats per group including group 1, control; group 2, CdCl2 10mg/kg body weight; groups 3,4,5 graded doses of Justicia carnea at 100, 150 and 200mg/kg body weight; groups 6,7,8 co-administration of CdCl2 10mg/kg and graded doses of Justicia carnea. Blood glucose was monitored weekly; thereafter samples were collected for the determination of the oxidative stress markers (SOD, CAT, GPx, and MDA) and lipid profile (HDL, LDL and TC) after 6 weeks. Preliminary qualitative phytochemical screening confirmed the presence and abundance of equal amounts of flavonoids and phenols > alkaloids, glycosides, carbohydrate and reducing sugar >saponins, tannins and terpenoids. The results of the GC-MS validated 9 physio-therapeutic compounds, predominantly, hexadecanoic acid (50.90%), methyl tetradecanoate (24.34%) and 9-octadecenoic acid (17.75%) with toxic hydrocarbon-nonadecane (0.13%). In comparison with the corresponding control, the result revealed that Justicia carnea has protective effect against cadmium-induced cellular damages associated with hyperglycaemia ,hyperlipidiaemia, and can improve perturbations in the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and lipid peroxidation, expressed in the levels of MDA, in a time and dose- dependent fashion. From the results, it is evident that the bioactive compounds in Justicia carnea provided the therapeutic benefits against cadmium poisoning.

This work investigated six heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Cd, Zn, Cu and Fe) concentration in two bony fish (Clarias gariepinus and Tilapia niloticus) obtained from five (5) station in Orashi River in Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni LGA, River state using atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) and evaluate the human health risks associated with their consumption. Heavy metal content in fish obtained from the study ranged as follows: (1) Catfish Cd from 1.0 - 3.9mg/kg in all the stations. Zn (22 - 213.2mg/kg), Cu (10.9 - 33mg/kg), Fe (0.02 - 2.5mg/kg) and (2) Tilapia Cd ranged from 0.1 - 4.2mg/kg in all the stations, Zn (30.1 - 196mg/kg), Cu (17.3 - 40.6mg/kg) and Fe (0.1 - 5.6mg/kg). Pb and Cr were not detected in all the stations sampled. The mean concentrations of the parameters studied in some samples were close to or exceeded World Health Organization [1] and Federal Ministry of Environment recommended limits for drinking water and seafood. Statistical analysis of level of the studied metals in catfish and Tilapia in the entire stations sampled showed significant difference in levels of Cu and Fe (P<0.05) and no significant difference in Cu, Zn for Catfish and Cd and Zn for Tilapia. To assess the health risk of the inhabitants of ONELGA due to heavy metal intake from these fish consumption; the daily intake of metal (DIM), health risk index (HRI) and target hazard quotient (THQ) were calculated. The daily intake of metals in fish species (Catfish and Tilapia) for Cu (0.024 and 0.028 mg/kg) respectively are significantly lower than the recommended daily intake of metal and upper tolerable daily intake level (UL). However, DIM of Cd (0.0027 and 0.0024) exceeds the recommended DIM but fall within the upper tolerable daily level. Pb and Cr are not detected and so below the recommended oral reference dose (RFD) of 1.5mg/kg [2]. The THQ value for Catfish and Tilapia showed Cd (2.7 and 2.4mg/kg), Cu was (23.26 and 28.4mg/kg), Zn (73.48 and 86.18mg/kg) and Fe was (1.13 and 1.55mg/kg) respectively. This result reflected the risk associated with exposure for the period of life expectancy considered and so the inhabitants are highly exposed to health risks associated to these metals in the other Zn>Cu>Cd>Fe.  The THQ in all metals is greater than 1 in all the species in all stations, therefore it pose health risk concern. Moreover, fish consumption was just one part of food consumption by the inhabitant. The potential health risks for residents might actually be higher than this study when other routes of heavy metals intake are considered [3].

Human T Lymphotrophic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a complex oncogenic delta retrovirus with tax protein demonstrated to play important roles in HTLV-1 infectivity and the growth and survival of leukemic cells. This study aimed to detect HTLV-1 tax gene among pregnant women on antenatal visits to Plateau Specialist Hospital, Jos, Nigeria. A total of 188 pregnant women participated in this cross-sectional study. In total, 5ml each of sera and plasma were obtained from 10ml blood of each participant and analyzed for antibodies to human T-lymphotropic virus 1/2 using enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Reactive ELISA samples were then subjected to reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for detection of tax gene. Of the pregnant women who participated in this study, 6(3.19%) were positive to HTLV-1/-2 IgG antibodies. However, tax sequence was not detected after subjecting the ELISA reactive samples to RT-PCR. Though tax gene which plays important roles in viral oncogenesis was not detected in this study, routine screening of pregnant women for HTLLV-1/2 is strongly recommended as presently no treatment for HTLV infections.

Formation of the face and oral cavity is complex in nature and involves the development of multiple tissue processes that must merge and fuse in a highly orchestrated fashion. There are many developmental disorders affecting the head and neck region. Anomalies in the primary dentition are important because of their effect on the underlying permanent dentition. Early identification of these anomalies and intervention at the appropriate time would minimize complicated treatment in future. Careful observation and appropriate investigations are required to diagnose the condition and institute appropriate treatment. Frequently, more complex cases require multidisciplinary planning and treatment.

Thirty samples of endometriosis were collected from Alhusaina Hospital, Karbala, Iraq, and Fatimah Al-Zahraa Hospital For gynecology and obstetrics, Baghdad, Iraq. The aim of the research was to explore the generated relationship between chronic endometriosis in the endometriotic group. The samples were divided into the first group (20 patients) Endometriosis group and the second group consisting of 10 women (non-endometriosis groups) and concloude in this study, the occurrence of endometriotic foci is closely associated with pathological changes in the endometrium. However, the sequence of development of pathological changes in the uterine cavity and in the pelvic cavity is still not clear, and no statistically significant differences were found between endometriosis and non-endometriosis groups.

The study examined the hostel sanitation practices for improved health status among undergraduate students in universities in Enugu State. The population of the study comprised of the entire undergraduates staying in the university hostels of the two government owned universities in Enugu State. 1000 undergraduates were sampled using convenience sampling technique from the two government owned universities in Enugu State. Structured questionnaire was used for data collection. The overall reliability coefficient of the questionnaire was found to be 0.83, which was considered high enough for the study. The data collected were organized and presented in a frequency distribution table, and the mean score, standard deviation as well as percentage were used to analyze the data. Real limit of numbers was used for taking decision on the mean. The findings revealed that, though there are sanitation facilities in the university hostels studied, these facilities are not adequate. The hostel sanitation practices of majority of the undergraduates in university hostels studied are poor and unhygienic. Undergraduates are aware of the importance of practicing proper hostel sanitation and the implication it has on their health status. The major factors affecting hostel sanitation practices among undergraduates for improved health status in university hostels in Enugu State are erratic power supply, inadequate water supply in the hostel, absenteeism of hostel cleaners, lack of pest control programmes, poor drainage system in the hostel, inadequate supervision of hostel rooms by the hostel portals, and inadequate toilets in the hostel. The study recommended among other things that, the university management should declare a state of emergence on the university hostels as much of the hostels visited in the course of the study is dilapidated. Immediate renovation should be done on most of the university hostels in the two university hostels studied.

We present the case of a 75-year-old female with an unusual presentation of metastatic carcinoma of the lung. The case  emonstrated a small cell carcinoma of the lung with an intracranial metastatic lesion destroying the bilateral frontal bones and extending into the extracranial soft tissue.

Two of the most significant killers of the U5 children are Pneumonia and diarrhea where pneumonia leads the race. Pneumonia is clubbed under the blanket of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI). Currently, the issue gains further significance with the issue of increased air pollution both indoor and outdoor.The current article examines the contribution of Homoeopathy to deal with pneumonia. The article traces the importance of dealing with pneumonia both at global and the national level. Thereafter, it deals with the subject of pneumonia through the dimension of how, why, when, where and whom of pneumonia. Following that the burden of the disease as such is explained along with the intervention of Co-trimoxazole and Amoxycillin (CA) duo to deal with the disease. Interventions are also seen through the lens of prevention and protection as well. Taking cue from one of the elaborate and established books in the Homoeopathic world, it deals with what Homoeopathy had offered, is offering and the potential to offer in the future to deal with this acute respiratory problem.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST) are common mesenchymal neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract with stomach being the commonest site (50-60%). GIST of rectum and anal canal account for nearly 5% of all GIST. It is extremely rare. Here we are reporting a case of anorectal GIST in a 70 year old female with complaint of bleeding per rectum. She underwent abdominoperineal resection (APR). Histopathology was suggestive of anorectal GIST. Immunohistochemistry was positive for CD117. She was started on adjuvant tablet Imatinib mesylate for the above features of high grade anorectal GIST.

Hand-foot syndrome (HFS) has been previously reported as a side effect in 45-56% of patients treated with capecitabine. In this study, we investigate the incidence, severity, and time course of HFS. Aim: Incidence and severity of Hand-Foot Syndrome (HFS) in patients with Colorectal carcinoma after giving capecitabine. Study Design: Toxicity data for 55 patients treated with capecitabine were analysed for the occurrence of HFS. Proportions of patients developing HFS after capecitabine treatment were calculated, and the severity and time course of HFS were analysed. This research is a retrospective study. Place and Duration of Study: This research was conducted at the Dr RPGMC, Tanda from October 2020 to April 2021. Results: 23 of the 45 patients had at least one episode of HFS. Most patients had their first or most severe episode of HFS after 2nd or 3rd cycles of treatment. 14 of the HFS episodes were grade 1 or 2; only 9 were grade 4. Conclusions: HFS is common in patients treated with capecitabine, and usually starts after 2 or 3 cycles of therapy.

A previously well 3-year male child with history of close contact to multi-drug resistant tuberculosis [MDR TB] presented to the hospital with a prolonged febrile illness. He complained of recurrent fever of 38.5 degrees centigrade and weight loss of 4.7 kg over the past six weeks. Strong possibility of tuberculosis was kept but extensive investigations to find a cause for the unexplained persistent fever failed to reveal an aetiology; fulfilling the definition of pyrexia of unknown origin [PUO]. None of the three main causes of PUO namely; infections, autoimmune diseases or underlying malignancy were confidently found. An invasive ultrasonography guided fine needle aspiration cytology [FNAC] of abdominal lymph node was performed which showed features of malignant small blue round cell tumour.

Polyarteritis nodusa a small and medium vasculitis can presents with non specific symptoms like fever, abdominal pain, weight loss, neuropathy, arthritis and renal features. Few cases of PAN have hepatitis B surface antigen positivity. The HBV related PAN is treated with antivirals, immunesuppression and plasma exchange. The case discussed here presented with clinical features of neuropathy. On investigations he was diagnosed as HBV related PAN and managed accordingly.

he author describes a case of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy who has unsual early age presentation. Otherwise normally born child and developmentally achieving milestones as per age had recent onset seizure episodes. The child presented in emergency of our hospital with status epilepticus. His seizures were aborted with medication and on subsequent work-up he was diagnosed as a case of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy.

Robinow syndrome is a rare genetic disorder with marked skeletal features and exists in autosomal dominant and recessive forms. It is also called as fetal facies syndrome as the facial features of patients resemble with a fetus. Here the author reports a case of 9-year-old male child of short stature with skeletal and genitourinary abnormalities, probably a Robinow syndrome.

Acute febrile illness is a common cause of patients seeking health care settings posing a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge to the health care workers. In this article we describe the clinical, laboratory, serological and radiological features of Malaria as a cause of Acute Undifferentiated Febrile Illness among the health care workers admitted in the Department of Medicine at Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India. Their duration of stay in the hospital was found to be 3.8 days on an average The duration of fever of the was found to be 3.6 days. The majority of cases of malaria were positive in the month of August followed by September and October. Most common clinical features were myalgia and pain abdomen. 75% of the individuals had leukocytosis and none had leukopenia. Health-care providers should be familiar with prevention, recognition, and treatment of malaria.

Acute febrile illness is a common cause of patients seeking health care settings posing a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge to the health care workers. In this article we describe the clinical, laboratory, serological and radiological features of Dengue as a cause of Acute Undifferentiated Febrile Illness among the patients admitted in the Department of Medicine at Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India. The mean age of the study participants suffering from dengue was found to be 36.1 years. The study participants were found to have rash over the body in 80% of the study participants. 60% of the study participants suffering from dengue had petechial hemorrhages. Among all the cases of dengue admitted in the department of general medicine 67% had anaemia and leukopenia, 27% thrombocytopenia 33% had raised hematocrit, 27% had raised serum creatinine.

Until recent years, public interest and political investment in malaria prevention, control, and research have been stagnant. The global malaria agenda is now experiencing an unprecedented time of public and political will and momentum. At the heart of this favorable period lies a nascent, but increasingly sophisticated, global advocacy effort that has contributed to new and expanded malaria funding, programs, and technology. This paper reviews the elements of malaria's rise to political and public prominence, tracks the increase in funding and policy commitments to malaria over the past decade, and comments on an evolving policymaking progress, increasing transparency and accountability in program governance, and the impact of philanthropic investments in malaria advocacy.

Tuberculosis is one of the foremost public health problems and causes enormous burden of combined suffering and death. One of the basic approach to control clinical tuberculosis is chemotherapy also known as DOTS, directly observed treatment short course, or FDC, fixed dose combination. There have been instances where there is an insult to the hepatocytes due to intake of anti-tubercular drugs. Through this article we discuss the mechanism of drug induced liver injury in the patients receiving anti tubercular treatment.

Hepatotoxicity or DILI due to anti-tubercular drug-induced liver injury (DILI) encompasses a wide spectrum of liver injury ranging from asymptomatic minimal elevation of liver enzymes to acute liver failure, often leading to death or liver transplantation. Indeed, it is a leading cause of drug-induced liver injury in India and of drug-induced acute liver failure leading to death (DIALF). The present study was conducted to estimate the proportion and describing the magnitude of drug induced liver injury in patients started on anti tubercular drugs. The overall prevalence of DILI cases was found to be 17.95% in our study. The liver enzyme levels were measured at baseline, 2nd week and 4th week. The levels increased from baseline value to significant levels at 2nd week and then were restored to normal levels later due to hepatic adaptation. Monitoring of LFTs during the first 2 months of ATT should identify the majority of DILI earlier, possibly shortening treatment interruption and reducing mortality.