Background: Eye constitutes just 0.27% of the total surface area of the body and 4% of the facial area, but it is the third most prevalent part of the body affected by trauma after hands and feet. Ocular trauma is a significant public health problem and preventable cause of visual morbidity. It is common in developing countries and may lead to permanent visual impairment. It may occur at any age in either sex, especially among pediatric and elderly population. According to estimates of world health organization, the global annual incidence of ocular trauma is around 55 million and worldwide blindness in 1.6 million people is due to ocular trauma. The aim of this study is to evaluate the epidemiological factors of patients admitted for ocular trauma in Shaheed Dr. Aso eye hospital in Sulaymaniyah/Iraq. Patients and Methods: A retrospective study - case series study- file based was carried out in Dr. Aso eye hospital from 1st January to the 31st of December 2019.  Approval paper had been taken from the manager of hospital which give the researcher the authorization to access to the case records. A descriptive design has been used as a one year retrospective study of patient files from 1/1/2019-31/12/2019 with analytic component. Questionnaire including; demographic, social, and information about the trauma were collected from the records. Mobile had been used to take the needed or deficient information's by direct calling of the patients. Results: The study showed that from 177 patients most of them was aged 0-10 years, 80 case (45.19%) and the lowest was 41-50 years 5 cases (2.82%), and that 134 of them was male (75.7%), and 43 was female (24.3%). The frequent injuries were play related 38 (21.5%) and the lowest was road accident and farm related 3(1.7%). The effects of residency on causes of ocular trauma most of cases registered in hospital was coming from outside Sulaymaniyah city 93 (52.5%), then from inside city 71 (40.2%), followed by outside governorate 13(7.3%), all these results had a significant relationship with causes of trauma.  Conclusion: The play related is the most common cause of ocular trauma followed by home related, and the road related is the less common cause, and childhood period is the most common susceptible age for trauma, and there is strong significant relationship between the age and gender, and causes with gender, residence, anatomical site and mechanism of injuries.

Background: Cataracts, prevalent age-related vision impairment globally, pose significant health challenges. This study, situated in the panoramic landscapes of Himachal Pradesh, endeavors to illuminate the levels of awareness and knowledge about cataracts among its diverse populace. With a focus on the unique socio-cultural tapestry of the region, the research draws on global insights and prior Indian studies, addressing the broader context of visual health. Material and Methods: Employing a descriptive research approach, this cross-sectional survey spans Himachal Pradesh from August 2023 to November 2023. The study includes 400 adults aged 18 and above, with a sample size determined for a 95% confidence level. A Google Form questionnaire, comprising socio-demographic queries and 20 knowledge-related questions on cataracts, undergoes rigorous validation. Data collection occurs through online modes, ensuring confidentiality and anonymity. Epi Info V7 Software facilitates data analysis. Results: Of the 400 participants, 61% reside in urban and 39% in rural areas. Knowledge levels reveal 30.75% with very good, 40.5% with good, 16.75% with fair, and 12% with poor knowledge. Participants demonstrate commendable awareness, particularly in identifying symptoms and effective cataract treatment methods. Gaps exist in recognizing public figures who underwent cataract surgery. The study underscores the importance of community resources and post-surgery precautions. Conclusion: The Cataract Clarity in the Himalayas initiative unravels a panorama of awareness and knowledge, showcasing positive trends among Himachal Pradesh's populace. These findings, aligned with global efforts and Indian studies, emphasize the need for region-specific strategies. The initiative envisions a future where community-driven interventions enhance overall eye health awareness, contributing to a shared priority for clarity of vision.

Background: Sleep disorders pose a significant yet often underestimated public health challenge. This study, conducted in the picturesque District Kinnaur, Himachal Pradesh, India, seeks to delve into the awareness and knowledge levels of the general public regarding risk factors, preventive measures, and treatment options for sleep disorders. Against the backdrop of the Himalayas, this investigation addresses a critical gap in the literature, shedding light on the nuanced intersection of sleep, health, and sociocultural dynamics. Material & Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was employed for this study, conducted in District Kinnaur between August 2023 and November 2023. The study population comprised adults aged 18 and above, residing in the district for at least 12 months. A robust sample size of 400 participants was determined. A structured questionnaire, covering sociodemographic details and 20 knowledge-related questions on sleep disorders, was administered through a Google Form. Data analysis was conducted using Epi Info V7 software, applying appropriate statistical tests. Results: Out of the 400 participants (59.5% male, 40.5% female), the study revealed encouraging levels of awareness. Notably, 29.5% exhibited very good knowledge, 41.5% demonstrated good knowledge, 17.75% possessed fair knowledge, and 11.25% had poor knowledge about sleep disorders. Participants showcased commendable understanding of risk factors, lifestyle influences, and preventive measures. However, areas for improvement were identified, such as awareness of the prevalence of sleep disorders in different demographics and familiarity with available resources for persistent sleep problems. Conclusion: The study contributes valuable insights into the awareness and knowledge landscape of sleep disorders in District Kinnaur. While celebrating positive outcomes, identified gaps underscore the necessity for targeted educational interventions. By addressing these gaps, public health initiatives can empower the community, ultimately enhancing the overall well-being of the residents.

Background: Stroke, a major global health concern, demands comprehensive understanding and tailored interventions, especially in unique regional contexts such as Himachal Pradesh, India. This study explores the awareness and knowledge levels regarding stroke risk and preventive factors among the general public in this Himalayan region. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional survey, conducted between August 2023 and November 2023, targeted 400 adults residing in Himachal Pradesh for at least 12 months. A Google Form questionnaire, encompassing socio-demographic details and 20 knowledge-related questions, was utilized. The study employed a descriptive research approach, and data analysis was performed using Epi Info V7 Software. Results: Of the 400 participants, 58.5% were male, and 65.25% resided in rural areas. The study revealed varying knowledge levels: 28.25% very good, 39.5% good, 20.5% fair, and 11.75% poor. While commendable awareness existed for certain aspects (e.g., stroke definition - 74%, hypertension's role - 68.25%), knowledge gaps were evident in recognizing vulnerable age groups (40.75%) and community resources (27.75%). Conclusion: The study contributes valuable insights into stroke awareness in Himachal Pradesh. Acknowledging the nuanced regional dynamics, interventions can be tailored to bridge identified knowledge gaps and enhance public health outcomes. The findings underscore the importance of community-based education for effective stroke prevention.

Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) poses a significant global health challenge, reaching epidemic proportions and threatening individual well-being and public health systems. This study focuses on the unique context of Himachal Pradesh, nestled in the Himalayan region, where the prevalence of diabetes is influenced by distinct cultural and demographic factors. As lifestyles evolve and dietary patterns transform, evaluating the awareness and knowledge levels regarding risk factors and preventive measures becomes increasingly pertinent. Materials & Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was employed to assess awareness and knowledge levels among the general public of Himachal Pradesh. The study, conducted between August 2023 and November 2023, targeted adults aged 18 and above, residents of Himachal Pradesh for a minimum of 12 months. A robust sample size of 400 participants was determined. A Google Form questionnaire, including socio-demographic and DM knowledge-related questions, was utilized. Validity was ensured by expert evaluation. Data collection occurred through online modes, and analysis was performed using Epi Info V7 Software. Results: Among the 400 participants, 29.5% demonstrated very good knowledge, 41.5% good knowledge, 17.75% fair knowledge, and 11.25% poor knowledge regarding DM and its preventive measures. While high awareness was observed for DM identification and common symptoms, specific areas like glycemic index understanding and recommended screening guidelines showed notable gaps. Conclusion: The study reveals varied levels of awareness and knowledge regarding DM in Himachal Pradesh, emphasizing the need for targeted educational interventions. Insights from regional studies and comparisons with national and global contexts provide a comprehensive understanding of the DM landscape. The outcomes hold significant implications for public health initiatives in the region, guiding the development of culturally sensitive awareness campaigns and preventive strategies.

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) poses a significant global health challenge, ranking among the leading causes of cancer-related mortality. This study focuses on assessing the awareness and knowledge levels regarding CRC among residents of District Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, acknowledging the diverse impact and regional variations in CRC incidence. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in District Kangra, with a sample size of 400 adults, employing a structured questionnaire. The survey, conducted from August to October 2023, aimed to evaluate respondents' awareness and knowledge about CRC, covering risk factors, symptoms, screening methods, and preventive measures. Data analysis utilized Epi Info V7 Software, employing descriptive statistics. Results: Among the 400 participants, 59.5% had heard about CRC, reflecting a baseline awareness. Knowledge levels varied, with 22.75% demonstrating very good knowledge, 38% good knowledge, 24.5% fair knowledge, and 14.75% poor knowledge. While many recognized common risk factors and symptoms, awareness of screening methods was lower. Community engagement in awareness campaigns was reported by 25.25%, with 82.5% expressing a need for more accessible information. Conclusion: This study reveals a spectrum of awareness and knowledge levels about CRC among District Kangra residents, emphasizing the importance of targeted interventions. Strategies such as tailored educational campaigns and community engagement initiatives are essential for improving CRC awareness in this unique demographic context. Addressing specific knowledge gaps identified in this study can contribute to reducing the burden of CRC in District Kangra.

Background: Menopause, a natural biological process signifying the end of menstruation, presents diverse physical, psychological, and hormonal changes. Despite being a universal phenomenon, the perception of menopausal symptoms varies due to sociocultural factors and healthcare accessibility. This study focuses on the unique sociodemographic context of District Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, exploring the awareness and understanding of postmenopausal symptoms among women of reproductive age. Materials & Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in District Shimla from August to October 2023. The study included 400 women of reproductive age residing in the district for at least 12 months. A Google Form questionnaire, validated by experts, collected data on socio-demographics and knowledge about postmenopausal symptoms. Data analysis employed Epi Info V7 Software. Results: Out of 400 participants, 27% exhibited very good knowledge, 35.25% good knowledge, 21% fair knowledge, and 16.75% poor knowledge regarding postmenopausal symptoms and care. While 67.5% identified common physical symptoms, only 32% recognized hormone fluctuations' significance. Emotional well-being (55.5%) and long-term health implications (36.5%) were moderately acknowledged. Notably, 59% were aware of menopause's impact on sexual health. Conclusion: The study reveals a moderate overall awareness of postmenopausal symptoms among women in District Shimla. Specific strengths include understanding physical symptoms and emotional well-being, but gaps exist in comprehending hormonal aspects. Tailored educational interventions addressing these gaps are crucial to enhance women's holistic well-being during the menopausal transition.

Background: Dengue fever, a globally pervasive mosquito-borne illness, presents a formidable public health challenge. The World Health Organization estimates that nearly half of the global population is at risk, with 390 million infections annually. Himachal Pradesh, nestled in the Himalayan heights, faces this threat due to factors like climate change and unplanned urbanization, potentially making it vulnerable to Dengue outbreaks. Understanding the awareness and knowledge levels of the general public is essential for effective prevention and control. Materials And Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional survey conducted in Himachal Pradesh aimed to assess Dengue fever awareness. A sample size of 400 adults, representing both urban (57.75%) and rural (42.25%) areas, participated. The study duration spanned from July 2023 to October 2023. A structured Google Form questionnaire covered socio-demographic information and 20 knowledge-related Dengue questions. Data analysis employed Epi Info V7 Software, applying frequencies and percentages. Ethical considerations included maintaining participant confidentiality and anonymity. Results: The study revealed diverse knowledge levels among 400 participants, with 31% demonstrating "very good" knowledge, 41.25% with "good" knowledge, 16.75% with "fair" knowledge, and 11% with "poor" knowledge regarding Dengue fever. Specific areas of knowledge gaps were identified, including vaccination awareness. Comparative analysis with studies from India and globally provided additional context, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions to enhance awareness Conclusion: Our study contributes to the understanding of Dengue awareness in Himachal Pradesh. While a significant proportion exhibited good awareness, critical gaps persist, particularly in vaccination knowledge. This underscores the necessity for targeted interventions to bridge knowledge disparities and empower communities, thereby strengthening public health initiatives for Dengue prevention and control in the region.

Background: Burn injuries pose a major health risk on a global scale, impacting millions of individuals annually. As such, patients and healthcare providers must navigate complex challenges throughout the healing process. While the inflammatory response triggered by burns is essential for recovery, an uncontrolled or excessive inflammatory cascade can result in serious complications and prolonged recuperation. Method: Thirty burn victims who had been admitted to the burn ward of the Nasseryia general hospital were chosen for this study. Between August, 2022, and January, 2023, blood samples were taken from the victims to measure lipopolysacchride binding protein (LBP) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels and compared with the levels of a healthy population, also the survivorship of the victims were measured according to hospital records. Results: The patients were sorted according to their age, sex, burn degrees and total body surface area into different groups. The age was sorted into younger than 20 years, 21-40, 41-60 and older than 61 years of age. Of the tested population 46.67 % were male and 53.33% were female. The mean of the total body surface area (TBSA) was 43.64% ± 14.53%. the majority of cases were 2nd degree burns at (46.67%) of the total victims followed by (40%) and (13.33%) for 3rd and 1st degree respectively. the study showed highly significant increase (p<0.01) in the levels of both parameters when compared with samples collected from a healthy participant. A there was an extremely substantial positive association found between the LBP levels so that IL-6 also with the TBSA and burn degree. The survival rate was negatively correlated with LB, IL-6 and TBSA.  Conclusions: This concludes the loss of the skin barrier caused an overwhelming inflammation due to dys-regulated function of usually gastrointestinal tract and endotoxin leakage, a co morbidity that disabled the anti-inflammatory cascade that ensures the recovery and healing process which have led to such mortality. Overall, our study provides an insight into the levels of LBP and IL-6 in burn patients. The results highlight the variability in these biomarkers among patients with different TBSA affected by burns and burn degrees. The positive correlation between LBP and IL-6 suggests their potential roles in the inflammatory response associated with burn injuries. However, further research is needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms and implications of these findings.

Glaucoma, a leading global cause of irreversible blindness, often progresses silently, making awareness and early detection crucial. In India, where glaucoma contributes significantly to vision impairment, understanding the knowledge gap and promoting preventive vision care is imperative. Materials & Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in District Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, India, from July to September 2023, involving 400 adults. A Google Form questionnaire assessed awareness and understanding of glaucoma and its risk factors. Data analysis was performed using Epi Info V7 software. Results: The study revealed limited knowledge about glaucoma, with 24.5% having very good knowledge, 35.75% good knowledge, 23% fair knowledge, and 16.75% poor knowledge. While a majority recognized the importance of regular eye examinations, further emphasis is needed. Comparison with previous Indian studies highlighted the necessity for community-based interventions and improved access to eye care services. Conclusion: Bridging the glaucoma knowledge gap in District Kangra is essential. Focused awareness campaigns, community education, and increased accessibility to eye care services are critical for promoting preventive vision care. Early detection and treatment can significantly reduce glaucoma’s impact.

Background: Colorectal Cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the fourth most common cause of cancer-related death, with its incidence increasing year by year. The heat-shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is important effectors to protect the intracellular proteins from misfolding or aggregation, also inhibit cell death and signaling cascades that preserve the intracellular signaling pathways which are critical for cell survival. The expression of Hsp70 is frequently abnormally high in cancer cells, they participate in oncogenesis and in resistance to chemotherapy; therefore, the inhibition of Hsp70 has become an interesting strategy in cancer therapy. The aim of the study was to perform histopathological examination and immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded sections prepared from biopsies taken from colorectal lesions of patients diagnosed with different stages of CRC to show expression of Hsp70 in different stages. Material and Methods: The study involved (146) men and women who were clinically diagnosed with CRC by the general surgery doctor. The patient age range between 36 and 80 years. This study designs as prospective study, all samples were taken from patients in multicenter during the period from December 2021 to December 2022. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of tissues were performed for 52 patients only. Results: the results showed that Hsp70 expression with CRC moderately differentiated (grade I1) was 59.6% in total staining reaction, followed by the CRC poorly differentiated (grade III) 24.9%, while CRC (grade I) the expressions of (Hsp70) have been reported (7.69%) respectively. According to the staging of CRC, the study included 5 patients with stage I, (15) patients with stage II, 23 patients with stage III and 9 patients with stage IV. The reaction for Hsp70 expression in (stage I) was weak (7.69%), while in (stage II) the weak reaction was (5.7 %), the moderate was (17.3%), while in the stage III the weak reaction was (3.84) and the moderate was (25%) and strong reaction was (15.3%), while in stage IV the moderate was (11.53%) and strong reaction was (5.7%). Conclusions: The biomarker is aberrantly overexpressed in CRC and high expression of Hsp70 biomarker induced by associated with high grades of CRC, in contrast the low expression level associated with low grade of CRC.

The major cause of dental caries is attributed to Streptococcus mutans. Dental plaque which also known as oral biofilm that forms when sugar is present, S. mutans is stimulated to secrete insoluble glucans which leads to the initiation of caries lesion. Compared with synthetic antibiofilm agents, natural antibiofilm agents such as herbal plants have few adverse effects and great economic value. The purpose of this paper is to study the antimicrobial effectiveness of cinnamaldehyde, a natural plant compound, against biofilms and virulence factors of S.mutans. We have demonstrated the effects of the antimicrobial of Cinnamaldehyde on S. mutans was evaluated by measuring the MIC and MBC, growth curves, acid production, and acid tolerance. Biofilm formation by S.mutans in the presence of sub-MIC concentrations of cinnamaldehyde was measured using a crystal violet assay, and virulence-related gene expression (gtfB, gtfC, gtfD, gbpB, and LuxS) was quantified using real-time PCR. The result have shown that S. mutans was inhibited by cinnamaldehyde with a MIC of 800 µg/mL and an MBC of 1600 µg/mL, the sub-MIC concentrations of cinnamaldehyde inhibited acid production and acid tolerance. In the presence of cinnamaldehyde, genes related to biofilms and acid tolerance were also downregulated. Therefore, we hypothesis that cinnamaldehyde possesses antimicrobial properties that effectively inhibit the growth of S. mutans by targeting various key aspects of its pathogenicity, including “biofilm formation, acid production, acid tolerance, and virulence gene expression.” This study will provide the optimization of preventing and therapeutic strategies for dental caries.

Background: Overweight and obesity pose significant global health challenges, affecting overall well-being and increasing the risk of chronic diseases. Despite extensive research, regional disparities in awareness and knowledge persist. This study assesses awareness and knowledge about overweight and obesity risk factors and prevention in District Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh, India. Methods: A cross-sectional survey collected data from 400 adults using a structured questionnaire. Knowledge scores were categorized as very good, good, fair, or poor. Descriptive analysis was conducted using Epi Info V7 Software. Results: Participants demonstrated varying levels of knowledge: very good (27%), good (38.75%), fair (17.25%) and poor (17%). While most understood terms like "overweight" and "obesity," only 30.5% were aware of regional prevalence. About 45.25% recognized contributing factors. Over half received education on weight maintenance, with 56.5% acknowledging diet and 59.75% recognizing physical activity's role. Barriers were identified by 62.25% of respondents. Community engagement (58%) and healthcare providers (74.25%) were seen as essential. Few (25%) knew of government policies. Conclusion: District Bilaspur residents have varied awareness and knowledge levels regarding overweight and obesity. Targeted awareness campaigns, school/community programs and intersectoral collaboration are recommended to address knowledge gaps and promote healthier lifestyles.

Background: Adolescence is a critical phase marked by rapid development, making lifestyle choices during this period pivotal for long-term well-being. This study explores the knowledge and awareness of physical activity and yoga among school-going adolescents in Himachal Pradesh, India, given the increasing concerns about sedentary behaviors and lifestyle changes in this picturesque northern state. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted across Himachal Pradesh from April to July 2023, involving 400 school-going adolescents. A questionnaire assessed knowledge about physical activity and yoga. Data analysis was conducted using Epi Info V7 Software and ethical considerations were followed to maintain confidentiality and anonymity. Results: The study revealed that while a significant proportion of adolescents demonstrated a good understanding of the benefits of physical activity, including reducing health risks and stress management, gaps existed in knowledge regarding recommended daily activity levels. Additionally, participants displayed a moderate level of awareness of yoga's benefits, particularly its impact on mental well-being. Conclusion: The study underscores the importance of enhancing awareness regarding the recommended daily physical activity levels among adolescents in Himachal Pradesh. Targeted educational interventions can bridge these knowledge gaps, promoting healthier lifestyles and overall well-being. Moreover, the findings emphasize the need to continue emphasizing yoga's benefits for mental health in adolescents.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) pose a significant health threat globally, including the northern hilly state of Himachal Pradesh, India. Effective cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is crucial in responding to sudden cardiac arrests, given the challenging terrain and limited healthcare access. This study aimed to assess the CPR knowledge among medical officers in Himachal Pradesh. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted among 100 medical officers in Himachal Pradesh from April 2023 to July 2023. A Google Form questionnaire was used to collect data on CPR knowledge, and scoring was categorized as very good, good, fair, or poor. Data analysis was performed using Epi Info V7 software.Results: The study revealed that 31% of medical officers had very good CPR knowledge, 37% had good knowledge, 22% had fair knowledge, and 10% had poor knowledge. While a substantial portion demonstrated proficiency, a notable proportion exhibited knowledge gaps in CPR techniques. Conclusion: Although many medical officers in Himachal Pradesh displayed commendable CPR knowledge, disparities were evident, emphasizing the need for standardized training programs and regular refresher courses. Bridging knowledge gaps and enhancing CPR competence is essential for improving cardiac care and patient outcomes.

Expression of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 in serum and follicular fluid has a direct role in embryo implantation and successful pregnancy outcome, which plays a crucial role in regulating fibrinolysis during pregnancy period by inhibits the action of other protein called plasminogen activators. Objective: Evaluate of PAI-1 level in blood serum and follicular fluid as predictive marker and it’s effected on embryo quality in an infertile females undergoing ICSI protocol. Materials and Methods: This study included Sixty-nine infertile female with mean age was (33.03 ±5.97) years, attended to High Institute for Infertility Diagnosis and Assisted Reproductive Technologies, Al-Nahrain University (Baghdad / Iraq), they underwent ICSI program, during a period from October 2022 till February 2023. All infertile female has same inclusion and exclusion criteria. Also, every female was asked some information including age, duration of infertility, body mass index (kg/m²), type of infertility, causes of infertility and hormonal assay, virology assay, husband’s seminal fluid analysis, and ultrasonography picture. All females undergone ovarian stimulation with antagonist protocol and received recombinant follicle stimulating hormone, at the cycle day two. The serum and follicular fluid was collected from each female at the day of oocyte retrieval, for PAI estimation using Elisa kit (Diagnostic/ USA). The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0 and Microsoft office 2010. Results: The results showed that serum PAI-1 levels at the day of oocytes retrievals were significantly lower in positive pregnancy women comparison with non-pregnant women (p < 0.05); Yet no significant follicular fluid PAI-1 levels were noted in comparison with non-pregnant women. There was a negative significant correlation (p > 0.05) of serum and follicular fluid PAI-1 levels at the day of oocytes retrieval according to Embryo ICSI outcome. Conclusions: The results of current study concluded that evaluation of serum PAI-1 levels can be used as a promising parameter for the prediction of pregnancy outcome between pregnant and non-pregnant females. So indicating lower levels of serum PAI-1 at the day of oocytes retrievals are predictors of positive pregnancy. It is assumed that pregnancy rate was affected by PAI-1level during ICSI cycles.

Breast cancer is a global public health concern with significant morbidity and mortality among women. Early detection through breast cancer screening is crucial for improving survival rates. However, barriers to accessing and utilizing screening services persist, particularly in low- and middle-income regions. This study assesses the awareness and knowledge of breast cancer screening among women in Himachal Pradesh, India, and explores associated barriers. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Himachal Pradesh from April to July 2023. The study included 400 reproductive age group females. A structured questionnaire assessed demographic information and knowledge of breast cancer screening. Data were analyzed using Epi Info V7 Conclusion: This study reveals gaps in knowledge about breast cancer screening among women in Himachal Pradesh. While awareness of breast cancer is high, targeted education on screening methods, guidelines, and risk factors is needed. Addressing misconceptions, cultural factors, and barriers to screening is essential. Enhancing awareness and knowledge can contribute to improved breast cancer outcomes in the region.software.Results: Participants exhibited strong awareness of breast cancer (85.5%) but limited knowledge of screening methods, recommended frequency (33.5% and 25.25%, respectively), and age for mammograms (24.5%). Notably, 49.5% recognized the importance of clinical breast examinations, and 51% were aware of breast self-examinations. Knowledge of breast cancer symptoms (69%) and the potential for benign breast lumps (57.75%) was reasonable. Approximately 53.5% acknowledged lifestyle choices in risk reduction, while only 40.25% identified family history as a risk factor. Barriers to screening were recognized by 26.5% of participants. Misconceptions were prevalent (53.25%), and 58% knew reliable information sources. Results: Participants exhibited strong awareness of breast cancer (85.5%) but limited knowledge of screening methods, recommended frequency (33.5% and 25.25%, respectively), and age for mammograms (24.5%). Notably, 49.5% recognized the importance of clinical breast examinations, and 51% were aware of breast self-examinations. Knowledge of breast cancer symptoms (69%) and the potential for benign breast lumps (57.75%) was reasonable. Approximately 53.5% acknowledged lifestyle choices in risk reduction, while only 40.25% identified family history as a risk factor. Barriers to screening were recognized by 26.5% of participants. Misconceptions were prevalent (53.25%), and 58% knew reliable information sources.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health crisis with multifaceted implications for human health, agriculture, and the environment. Understanding AMR awareness and knowledge among the general population is essential for effective mitigation. This study focuses on Himachal Pradesh, India, a region with unique socio-cultural dynamics. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Himachal Pradesh from May to June 2023. A sample of 400 adults residing in urban (66.75%) and rural (33.25%) areas was assessed using a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire covered demographic information and 20 knowledge-related questions about AMR. Data analysis employed Epi Info V7 software. Results: The study revealed varying levels of AMR awareness and knowledge. Nearly half of the participants (49.75%) could define AMR, while 21.5% named three types of microorganisms prone to antibiotic resistance. Knowledge of factors contributing to AMR was recognized by 34.5% of respondents. Approximately 46.5% understood the link between antibiotic overuse/misuse and AMR, and 40.75% were aware of the consequences of widespread AMR. Notably, 44.5% correctly identified that antibiotics are ineffective against viral infections. Awareness of preventive measures stood at 47.25%. Healthcare professionals' role in AMR prevention was acknowledged by 48.5% of participants. A significant proportion (47.25%) understood the impact of AMR on common infections. Knowledge about antibiotic use in agriculture (29.75%) and international initiatives (20.25%) was relatively low. However, 40% recognized the role of individuals and communities in AMR awareness. Conclusion: This study highlights disparities in AMR awareness and knowledge among the population of Himachal Pradesh. While some fundamental concepts are well-understood, opportunities for improvement exist, particularly in recognizing alternatives to antibiotics and understanding global AMR efforts. Tailored awareness campaigns and educational initiatives are crucial to empower individuals and communities, reinforcing responsible antimicrobial use and contributing to global AMR mitigation.

Eye allergies, or allergic conjunctivitis, can significantly affect the quality of life for those affected. This study aims to assess the levels of awareness and knowledge regarding eye allergies among the general population in District Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, India, and identify areas for improvement in awareness and management. Methods: A cross-sectional survey involving 400 adult residents of District Kangra was conducted between April and July 2023. A structured questionnaire assessed participants' knowledge of eye allergies, triggers, symptoms, management, and local factors influencing prevalence. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: The study revealed that 63.5% of participants could define eye allergies, while 58% identified common triggers, and 57.75% recognized different types of eye allergies. Knowledge of typical symptoms was observed in 60.75% of respondents. Approximately 46.75% were aware of local factors associated with higher allergy prevalence. Over half (54.25%) understood the impact of eye allergies on daily life, and 54.5% recognized a connection with other allergic conditions. Knowledge of over-the-counter medications was evident in 57.75% of respondents, and 35.75% were knowledgeable about support networks. Challenges faced by individuals with eye allergies were identified by 21.75% of participants, and 36.5% sought medical advice or treatment. Conclusion: While the study revealed a moderate level of awareness and knowledge about eye allergies among residents of District Kangra, there are notable knowledge gaps, particularly regarding local factors and support networks. Targeted awareness campaigns and education initiatives are needed to enhance understanding and promote effective management of this common ocular condition in the region.

Overweight and obesity are burgeoning global health challenges with severe health consequences. This study explores awareness and knowledge about their risk factors and prevention strategies in District Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, a region experiencing an increasing prevalence of these conditions due to changing lifestyles. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted between April and June 2023, involving 400 adults residing in District Shimla for at least 12 months. A structured questionnaire assessed demographics and knowledge regarding overweight and obesity. Scoring categorized knowledge into very good (29.75%), good (40.5%), fair (15.25%), and poor (14.5%). Data were analyzed using Epi Info V7. Results: The study found a promising level of awareness with 70.5% understanding "overweight" and "obesity," and 57.75% recognizing associated health problems. However, only 31% were aware of the regional prevalence. While 78% felt the need for more awareness, 75.75% acknowledged the role of healthcare providers. Challenges included 54.75% facing issues accessing healthy food, and 63.5% identifying specific barriers to maintaining a healthy weight. Encouragingly, 78.5% believed schools and workplaces should promote healthy lifestyles. Conclusion: While there is notable awareness about overweight and obesity, knowledge gaps exist, particularly regarding regional prevalence. The study highlights the importance of tailored awareness campaigns, policy enhancement, and community engagement to combat these health issues effectively in Himachal Pradesh.

Background: Dietary habits significantly impact human health, influencing chronic disease development, energy levels, and mental well-being. The unique landscape of Himachal Pradesh's District Shimla, with its diverse population and cultural influences, provides an ideal setting to investigate dietary patterns and habits. Understanding the dietary landscape in this region is crucial for effective public health interventions and policies. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted between April and June 2023 in District Shimla, Himachal Pradesh. A sample of 400 adults, residing in both urban (66.75%) and rural (33.25%) areas, participated. Data was collected through a Google Forms questionnaire covering socio-demographics and dietary knowledge. Scoring categorized knowledge levels as very good (25.25%), good (35.75%), fair (21.75%), and poor (17.25%). Statistical analysis employed Epi Info V7 Software. Results: Participants exhibited good knowledge levels in various aspects, with 53.25% familiar with balanced diets, 62% aware of health risks from excessive sugar or salt, and 57.75% understanding elements of a healthy and sustainable diet. However, 70.5% frequently consumed processed or fast food, indicating potential health risks. Only 30% regularly read food labels, emphasizing the need for nutritional education. Furthermore, 24.5% had sought guidance from nutritionists, indicating an untapped resource for dietary improvement. Conclusion: District Shimla residents demonstrated a commendable understanding of dietary aspects, with notable room for improvement in certain areas. Public health initiatives should target reducing processed food consumption, promoting label reading, and encouraging nutritionist consultations. These findings provide a foundation for evidence-based interventions tailored to the region's specific needs, contributing to enhanced overall well-being.

Stroke is a significant global health concern, and its prevalence is on the rise in India due to lifestyle changes associated with urbanization. Understanding stroke risk factors and preventive measures is crucial for reducing its incidence. This study assesses stroke awareness and knowledge among the general public in District Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, where limited research on this topic exists. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted between April and July 2023, involving 400 adults residing in District Shimla. A structured questionnaire collected socio-demographic data and assessed knowledge of stroke risk factors and prevention. Knowledge was categorized into four groups: very good, good, fair, and poor based on scores. Results: The study found that 72.5% of participants could define stroke, and 63.5% identified common risk factors, including high blood pressure (67%) and smoking (51.5%). While 65.25% could name preventive measures, knowledge gaps existed in recognizing stroke symptoms (42.25%) and recommended actions during a stroke (29.75%). Family history (47.75%) and alcohol's role (42.75%) in stroke risk had lower awareness levels. Awareness of community resources for stroke prevention was limited (27.25%). Conclusion: This study reveals overall positive awareness of stroke risk factors and prevention among the general public in District Shimla. However, targeted interventions are needed to improve knowledge in specific areas, including recognizing stroke symptoms, understanding the role of family history and alcohol consumption, and promoting available community resources. These findings provide a foundation for public health initiatives to reduce the burden of stroke in the region.

Background: Thyroid cancer, though not frequently in the limelight, carries significant consequences for those affected, making awareness and early intervention crucial. This study focuses on thyroid cancer awareness in District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India, considering the local socio-cultural context. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional survey involving 400 adults was conducted in District Mandi from May to July 2023. A structured questionnaire assessed thyroid cancer knowledge, with scores categorized as very good (25.5%), good (38.25%), fair (21%), and poor (15.25%). Data were analyzed using Epi Info V7 software. Results: While 78.5% correctly described thyroid cancer, awareness varied for risk factors (53.25%), symptoms (61.25%), and prevention (54.25%). Significance of early detection (63%) and regular screenings (60.75%) was recognized. However, knowledge about screening methods was limited (25.5%). Awareness of support resources was low (26%), but 71% acknowledged the role of education campaigns. Comparisons with other Indian studies highlighted the need for tailored awareness initiatives. Conclusion: This study revealed varying levels of thyroid cancer awareness in District Mandi, aligning with broader Indian trends. Tailored awareness campaigns and collaborations between healthcare professionals and community organizations are vital to empower individuals and facilitate early detection and intervention.

Background: Cervical cancer is a global health challenge, despite being highly preventable and treatable when detected early. In India, it remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women. This study focuses on District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, where cervical cancer poses a significant health threat. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 400 adults in District Mandi from May to July 2023. A structured questionnaire assessed knowledge about cervical cancer, covering risk factors, early signs, screening methods, and preventive measures. Data analysis utilized Epi Info V7 software. Results: The study revealed encouraging levels of awareness, with 32% of participants demonstrating very good knowledge and 38.25% exhibiting good knowledge about cervical cancer. However, misconceptions persisted among 52.5% of respondents. Notable differences in awareness levels were observed compared to urban and rural areas in other regions of India. Conclusion: This study highlights the need for targeted educational programs, digital outreach, and healthcare provider engagement to enhance cervical cancer awareness in District Mandi. Tailored interventions addressing knowledge gaps, misconceptions, and regional disparities can empower the community to actively participate in cervical cancer prevention and early detection.

Background: Reproductive health is integral to overall well-being, emphasizing the significance of proper antenatal and postnatal care for maternal and child health. In the endeavor to enhance maternal and child health outcomes, understanding the knowledge levels of reproductive-age women concerning antenatal and postnatal care becomes crucial. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study focused on reproductive-age women in District Sirmaur, Himachal Pradesh. Antenatal care, essential for healthy pregnancies, and postnatal care, vital for maternal recovery and neonatal well-being, were the key areas of investigation. A structured questionnaire containing socio-demographic details and 20 knowledge-related questions on antenatal and postnatal care was used for data collection. The study involved 400 participants, drawn from both urban (32.25%) and rural (67.75%) areas of the district. Data analysis utilized Epi Info V7 Software for statistical evaluation. Results: The study revealed that while 36.5% of participants demonstrated very good knowledge (16-20 marks), 41.25% exhibited good knowledge (12-15 marks), 14.5% had fair knowledge (8-11 marks), and 7.75% displayed poor knowledge (<8 marks) regarding antenatal and postnatal care. Key knowledge gaps were identified in specific areas such as the components of antenatal and postnatal care and recognition of warning signs during pregnancy. Conclusion: The study underscores the importance of enhancing women's knowledge about antenatal and postnatal care, addressing the existing gaps through targeted educational interventions. Findings also highlight the influence of demographic factors on knowledge levels. By empowering women with accurate information, healthcare-seeking behaviors can be improved, potential complications detected early, and maternal and child health outcomes elevated.

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infections pose significant public health challenges globally, impacting individuals of all ages. In India, including Himachal Pradesh, the burden of these viral infections remains substantial. Medical officers play a crucial role in managing these infections, making their knowledge and awareness critical for effective patient care. Methods: This cross-sectional survey aimed to evaluate the knowledge and awareness of 400 medical officers in Himachal Pradesh regarding HSV and VZV infections. A Google form questionnaire was used, consisting of 20 structured questions. Responses were scored, and participants' knowledge levels were categorized as very good, good, fair, or poor. Data analysis was performed using Epi Info V7 Software. Results: Among the participating medical officers, 79.25% demonstrated good to very good knowledge about HSV and VZV, while 18.75% had fair knowledge, and 1% had poor knowledge levels. Certain areas, such as the concept of postherpetic neuralgia management, showed room for improvement. Only 47.25% of medical officers were aware of the recommended age for VZV vaccination. Conclusion: The study revealed positive knowledge and awareness levels among medical officers regarding HSV and VZV infections in Himachal Pradesh. However, targeted educational interventions on specific topics, such as postherpetic neuralgia management, and increased awareness campaigns on VZV vaccination are warranted to enhance patient care and reduce disease burden.

Plants are frequently utilised in the treatment of infectious illnesses, as herbal medicines. Hence the present study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Quercus aegilops L extract against bacterial and fungal strains. The goals were to establish the maximum yield of Quercus aegilops crude extract using different solvents (ethanol and water) and to assess the sensitivity of bacterial and fungal strains. Four strains of both gram positive and gram negative bacteria were evaluated for antibacterial activity. Three different concentrations were used 5 mg/ml, 10 mg/ml and 20 mg/ml. The micro-organisms' sensitivity to plant extracts was compared with each other and with chosen antibiotics. The findings revealed that, instead of watery extracts from this plants, the ethanol extracts of chosen medicinal plants had significant activity against the test organisms.

Tuberculosis (TB) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) pose significant global health challenges, particularly in densely populated urban areas like Delhi. Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course (DOTS) for TB and Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) for HIV are vital treatment regimens to control these diseases. However, awareness and adherence to these treatments remain challenges among the general public, necessitating targeted interventions. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional online survey was conducted among 400 adults residing in Delhi for at least 12 months. A structured Google Form questionnaire collected data on demographics and knowledge related to DOTS and HAART. Data analysis was performed using Epi Info V7 software, and statistical methods such as frequencies and percentages were utilized. Results: While 98% of respondents had heard of TB and HIV, knowledge about DOTS and HAART was relatively lower. Only 57.75% knew the role of DOTS in TB treatment, and 49.5% were familiar with HAART's significance in managing HIV. Awareness of TB's contagious nature (76%) and its symptoms (72.25%) was relatively high. However, targeted health education is needed to improve knowledge of disease transmission and early signs. Respondents acknowledged the stigma associated with TB and HIV (71.75%) and the importance of testing (69.75%). Government program awareness for DOTS and HAART was low at 38.5%. Conclusion: This survey provides valuable insights into the awareness and knowledge levels among the general public of Delhi regarding DOTS for TB and HAART for HIV. Tailored health education campaigns are essential to enhance understanding and adherence to these crucial treatment regimens. Collaborative efforts are required among policymakers, healthcare providers, and community leaders to effectively combat TB and HIV.

Cryptosporidium parvum is a zoonotic parasitic organism that causing a diarrheal disease in young children, worldwide. Molecular detection of C. parvum in children undergo diarrhea using nested-PCR assay and documentation of some positive local isolates in the NCBI were the aims of the present study. Targeting the GP60 gene, the positive finding for a total examination 28 fecal samples was 42.86%. Phylogenetic analysis of 10 positive PCR products revealed that the local C. parvum IQS-isolates and NCBI-BLAST C. parvum were related significantly at 99% and having 0-0.9% of total genetic changes. NCBI-BLAST Homology Sequence was recorded a significant identity between the local 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, and 10 IQS-C. parvum isolates and the Australian-C. parvum (FJ839876.1) isolate, as well as between the 2, 5 and 9 IQS-C. parvum isolates with the Egyptian-C. parvum (KX397563.1) isolate. Subsequently, subtyping of C. parvum local isolates confirmed their association to IIc (7/10) and IId (3/10) allelic groups. In conclusion, our findings revealed, significantly, a high rate of C. parvum among diarrheic children in Iraq, and confirmed for first time in Iraq allelic groups distributed among the local isolates of C. parvum. However, the source and route of transmission of C. parvum remain unknown in Iraq. Therefore, furthermore studies targeting serotyping and genotying of Cryptosporidium species in diarrheic patients need for improving to provide new insights into the gaps of this knowledge.

Background: Infertility is a significant reproductive health concern with physical, emotional, and social consequences for individuals and couples. Limited awareness and knowledge about infertility exacerbate the challenges faced by affected individuals and hinder access to appropriate healthcare services. This study aimed to assess the level of awareness about infertility among women attending the Outpatient Department of Civil Hospital Theog, Himachal Pradesh, India. Material and Methods: A descriptive, hospital-based cross-sectional survey design was employed. The study was conducted between March 2023 and June 2023, involving women aged above 18 years attending the outpatient department. Convenience sampling was used to select 400 participants. A structured questionnaire consisting of 20 knowledge-related questions was administered. Data analysis was performed using Epi Info V7 software. Results: Among the participants, 86.25% correctly identified the definition of infertility. Good knowledge levels were observed for common causes of female (57.75%) and male infertility (69%), while 83.5% recognized that infertility is not limited to females. However, only 49.5% knew the appropriate timeframe for considering infertility. Participants demonstrated moderate knowledge regarding age-related fertility decline, lifestyle factors impacting fertility, signs and symptoms of infertility, and available treatments. Lower knowledge levels were observed for topics such as ovulation and the relationship between the menstrual cycle and fertility. Conclusion: The study findings indicate a need for targeted educational interventions to improve awareness and knowledge about infertility among women attending the outpatient department. Addressing knowledge gaps regarding causes, appropriate timeframes, and available treatments could empower individuals and couples to make informed decisions and seek timely support.

Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a major health problem in Iraq especially in the last decade because of forced internal displacement of population and bad infrastructure. Pentavalent antimonial drugs used as 1^st line of management had many drawbacks, multiple courses, painfulness, unavailability and emergence of resistance. Carbon dioxide laser had been used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in many studies with shorter course and better cosmetic result. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of ablative CO₂ laser for treatment of active lesions of cutaneous lieshmaniasis in Iraqi patients. Patients and Methods: In this prospective therapeutic study conducted at department of dermatology in Baquba teaching hospital beginning from March 2019 to November 2020, 28 patients with total of 70 lesions of cutaneous leishmaniasis diagnosed clinically and by positive smear treated with continues ablative co2 laser and assessed at 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Compared to group of 30 patients with 76 lesions treated with weekly intralesional injection of pentavalent antimonial injection. Healing defined as complete flattening of skin for both groups. Results: For group A mean age was 22.25±16.8 years, in group B mean of age is 16.10±16.4 years. There is no significant difference in number of lesions and duration of disease prior to treatment between both groups (p-value = 0.915) and (p-value = 0.057) respectively. Average duration of healing for group A (2.75±0.6 weeks), while in group B (5.70±1.5 weeks) with significant p-value of ˂0.001. Conclusion: Ablative co2 laser is an effective treatment for active cutaneous leishmaniasis with mostly single session treatment and shorter duration of healing.

Background: Thyroid disorders are a prevalent health issue worldwide, affecting a significant proportion of the population. By assessing the level of understanding among patients attending the outpatient department of Civil Hospital Jogindernagar, Himachal Pradesh, this research article aims to identify knowledge gaps and misconceptions surrounding thyroid disorders in the local population. Material and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted between January 2023- April 2023 among the patients attending civil hospital Jogindernagar, Himachal Pradesh and selected by convenience sampling technique. Data was collected through face-to-face interview using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using epi info v7 software using appropriate statistical tests. Results: A total of 400 respondents took part in the study, with 240 (60%) coming from rural areas and 160 (40%) from urban areas. The majority's participants included 388 (97%) Hindus, 262 (65.5%) males, 171 (42.75 percent) people in their 18 to 30s, 151 (37.75%) graduates, 262 (65.5%) working people and 237 (59.25 percent) married people. In the current study, 92 (23%) study participants had very excellent awareness of thyroid disorders (24-30 marks), 189 (47.25%) had good awareness (18-23 marks), 94 (23.5%) had fair awareness (12-17 points) and 25 (6.25%) had poor awareness (<12 marks). Conclusion: In conclusion, a significant proportion of participants demonstrated good awareness levels, there is still room for improvement, particularly among those with fair to poor awareness. Targeted educational interventions and awareness campaigns can bridge the knowledge gaps and empower patients to actively engage in their healthcare.

Background: Antenatal and postnatal care are vital components of maternal and child healthcare, contributing to positive pregnancy outcomes and the well-being of mothers and infants. Adequate knowledge about these care practices is essential for women to make informed decisions and adopt healthy behaviors during and after pregnancy. This cross-sectional study aims to assess the knowledge of antenatal and postnatal care among reproductive-age women attending the outpatient department of Civil Hospital Jogindernagar, Himachal Pradesh. Material and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted between January 2023- April 2023 among women patients attended civil hospital Jogindernagar, Himachal Pradesh and selected by convenience sampling technique. Data was collected through face-to-face interview using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using epi info v7 software using appropriate statistical tests. Results: A total of 400 respondents including 107 (31.75%) were from urban area and 293(68.25%) were from rural area were participated in the study. Among the total, maximum 167 (41.75%) were having age between 21-30 years, educated up to Matric & Senior Secondary 172 (43%), Hindu 384 (96.0%) and employed 313 (78.25%). In the present study 35.75% (143) participants had very good knowledge (16-20 marks) towards antenatal and postnatal care, 42.25% (169) had good knowledge (12-15 marks), 15.5% (62) had fair knowledge (8-11 marks) and 6.5% (26) having poor knowledge (<8 marks). Conclusion: The study highlights the knowledge gaps among reproductive-age women regarding antenatal and postnatal care. Enhancing knowledge about these care practices is essential for promoting healthy pregnancies, safe deliveries and optimal postpartum recovery.