Autoimmunity is a condition characterized by structural or functional damage by the action of immunologically competent cells or antibodies against the normal components of the body. Oral manifestations are the initial and early manifestations in many autoimmune diseases. Recognizing autoimmune diseases at an early stage will tremendously influence patients' health and oral physicians may be the first one to recognize their oral manifestations which are of utmost importance to treat. So recognizing these autoimmune diseases by an oral physician will prevent further complications. In this article we described the oral manifestations of pemphigus vulgaris, pemphigoid Lesions systemic lupus erythematosus and Discoid Lupus Erythematosus in detail.

Obesity is more common and is gradually changing how doctors and patients interact. We are aware of no single study that summarises the impact of obesity on hematologic parameters and thrombotic risk, despite the fact that there is a substantial body of evidence showing that obesity is a condition of low-grade inflammation. With the exception of a few systematic reviews and meta-analyses of these investigations, the majority of the articles that came up in our literature search were observational studies. We were careful to evaluate the mechanisms underlying inflammation and how fat affects platelets, red blood cells, white blood cells and thrombotic risk. This inflammatory state causes a relative and occasionally absolute leukocytosis to be seen. Additionally, obesity is linked to higher platelet counts and a higher risk of Venous Thromboembolism (VTE). Last but not least, there may or may not be a connection between obesity, Iron Deficiency (ID) and red blood cell numbers. Understanding the aforementioned relationships may give clinicians peace of mind regarding otherwise inexplicable hematologic anomalies in obese people. We hope that this review will serve as a springboard for further research into the mechanisms underlying these abnormalities, the identification of modifiable risk factors and the identification of potential therapeutic targets to halt the progression of likely obesity-related conditions with high morbidity and mortality, such as ID and VTE.

As the prevalence of hypertension in the elderly population is increasing, information regarding the characteristics, optimal blood pressure targets and special considerations for elderly hypertensive patients is needed to improve clinical outcomes. Various factors should be considered when managing hypertension in elderly patients and there are many controversial issues and conflicting results related to the optimal treatment of hypertension in the elderly. In this review, we provide an overview of the epidemiology and characteristics of elderly hypertensive patients and discuss the optimal treatment of hypertension in elderly people.

Background: Stunting toddlers in Bandung City were 25.8%. One of the causes is the low economy so that it cannot meet the nutritional needs of the family. AIM: This study aims to assess the socioeconomic relationship with stunting incidence. Method: The type of research used is an analytical study with a cross-sectional design. The sample in this study was 108 respondents. The sampling technique used is simple random sampling. The instrument used is a questionnaire. Data analysis using chi square test. Results: The results of the study found a relationship between socioeconomics and stunting incidence with a value of p = 0.029, POR = 2.653 (1.179-5.967). Conclusion: Families with socioeconomic conditions that include gakin are 2.6 times more likely to have stunting than socioeconomic ones who are non-gakin.

Background: Anemia is increasingly recognized as a common complication of diabetic renal illness, occurring even before GFR is significantly lowered. Aims of Study: This research aims to provide estimates for the frequency of anemia among diabetics with chronic renal disease. Setting: The IbnSina Teaching Hospital's Medical Ward and Outpatient Clinic Subjects and Procedures: Mosul City's IbnSina Teaching Hospital served as the study's outpatient clinic. The research team used a case series study method to gather information from June 2011 through January 2012 for their analysis. Patients numbered 50. There were a total of 35 female patients (70%) and 15 male patients (30%) in this research. Patients' ages range from 20 to 74, with women making up 20% and men 10% of the anemic population. Mean body weight for people with diabetes was 73.54 pounds (11.12) long. Conclusion: Anemia afflicted around 30% of the patients. In patients with moderate and severe renal impairment, anemia prevalence was above 70%.

Background: The most prevalent gynaecological endocrinopathy, polycystic ovary syndrome affects 5–10% of women globally who are of reproductive age. The first step in managing PCOS is awareness and a proper diagnosis because it enhances the patient's quality of life. The purpose of this study was to assess PCOS awareness among women in Himachal Pradesh who are in the reproductive age range. Material & Methods: Between January 2023 and March 2023, a cross-sectional survey of women in Himachal Pradesh who are of reproductive age was conducted using a Google form. The Google form was circulated to women of reproductive age for responses via email and social media sites such WhatsApp groups, Facebook, Instagram, and LinkedIn up until 400 responses were received. We gathered information about their sociodemographic characteristics and PCOS knowledge. The required statistical tests were performed on the data using the Epi info v7 programme. Results: The study included 400 reproductive age group females. Maximum 157 (39.25%) were having age between 26-30 years, educated up to Matric & Senior Secondary 162(40.5%), Hindu 381(95.25%) and unemployed/housewife 321(80.25%). In the present study 25.75% (103) participants had very good knowledge (16-20 marks) towards, polycystic ovarian syndrome 31.5% (126) had good knowledge (12-15 marks), 32.75% (131) had fair knowledge (8-11 marks) and 10.0% (40) having poor knowledge (<8 marks). Conclusion: The study's findings indicate that Himachal Pradesh women in the reproductive age group had an average level of personal awareness and understanding regarding PCOS. They should be given comprehensive information about this illness, especially with regard to lifestyle changes.

Vegetable quality can be influenced by various factors such as genotypic differences, pre-harvest conditions, cultural practices, stage of maturity, harvesting methods and postharvest handling procedures as well as the interactions among these factors. The research was aimed at determining variation in nutrient content of the spinach and lettuce during growth and maturation period. The Seeds were planted and analyzed for proximate, mineral and vitamin content at the age of 3, 5 and 7 weeks to observe the variation. Proximate composition for the spinach and lettuce samples shows a decrease with an increase in age of the leaves (3wks -7wks) except for carbohydrate content which increase with increase in age, The minerals analysis of the leaves showed zinc, iron and copper decrease with increase in age while calcium and magnesium increase with increase in age. There is high amount of retinol (vitamin A), and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in both leaves at week 3 while the content decrease with increase in age. It is concluded that most of the proximate, mineral and vitamin contents used to decrease with an increase in growth period, therefore young leaves are more nutritious than fully matured leaves.

The medical definition of "obesity" is an excess of fat, while the definition of "overweight" is an excess of physical weight. In the industrialized world, student obesity has become a major public health issue. The growing epidemic of obesity in the world's poorest countries is even more cause for alarm. The worldwide epidemic of student obesity has received a lot of attention. Students, adolescents and adults who are overweight are at increased risk for a variety of health issues. A major public health concern has developed with the alarming increase in childhood obesity rates. Children and adolescents who are overweight are at increased risk for developing cardiometabolic disorders. Risks that might arise. Obesity in adolescents is associated with greater mortality and a higher likelihood of continuing to acquire weight as an adult. Because of the far-reaching effects of obesity, effective treatments are urgently required. The recommended therapy is a behavioral shift. The great majority of people who try to reduce weight and make changes to their lifestyle fail in the long run, as shown by real-world data. If a person's weight gain and associated health problems do not decrease after following a structured program to make lifestyle changes, pharmaceutical intervention may be warranted. However, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) did not approve any pharmacotherapeutic medicines for childhood obesity. In April of 2021, the European Medicines Agency authorized the use of liraglutide, a Glucagon-Like Peptide (GLP)-1 analog, for the treatment of obesity in children and adolescents aged 12 to 17. The effectiveness and safety of Liraglutide were established in a randomized, double-blind study with 251 people.Compared to the placebo group, those taking liraglutide were more likely to have dropped at least 5% of their body weight after 56 weeks (43.3% vs. 18.7%). The digestive system was implicated in the vast majority of reported adverse events with liraglutide. Bariatric surgery is a potential treatment option for those who are severely obese because to the long-term benefits of weight loss and lowered cardiometabolic risk factors. The long-term safety and efficacy of, however, is poorly understood. Some of the hazards associated with bariatric surgery include the need for further abdominal procedures and nutritional deficiencies. Success rates may improve as a result of integrating novel pharmacological therapy with behavioral modifications. Obesity in adolescents, cardiometabolic risk factors and the use of GLP1 receptor agonists as a therapeutic intervention. Results: The total sample studied in this research was (450) of the students. The age group was taken from 13to16 years. Conclusions: The prevalence of overweight and obesity among students attending was 72 cases (16%) and 30 cases (6.7%), respectively. Aim: This study aim to assess the health of students and detection some of the risk factors and problemes of obesity for better students welfare.

Understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) have evolved in the seven decades since the first description of retrolental fibroplasia linked with high oxygen levels. It is now understood that ROP manifests differently in different regions of the world, and survival rates for preterm children continue to increase as they become smaller and younger. Evaluating new technologies to imaging the retina, identify severe ROP, and define treatment windows to save eyes and enhance visual and neurological outcomes. By modulating proteins involved in vascular endothelial growth factor, insulin-like growth factor, and erythropoietin signaling, these new therapies will support normal retinal vascular development, vascular repair, and decrease vasoproliferative. Reducing excessive oxidative/nitrosative stress and comprehending the relationships between progenitor cells, neurovascular and glial vascular systems are the subjects of current research.

Background: Both sciatica and low back pain are common medical problems. The number of hours worked and the national economic loss will both go down as a result of these changes. Before beginning any sort of treatment, a thorough physical examination of these individuals is essential. A higher risk of this happening is associated with insufficient medical or surgical treatment, which may aggravate symptoms. The purpose of this study is to determine whether and how acupuncture enhances conventional PLID treatment. Methods: This inquiry took place at SUOXI Healthcare Limited in Shantinagar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. A 60-year-old female patient has been complaining of lower back discomfort for the last seven years. The diagnosis was confirmed with a MRI of lumbo sacral spine. Results: Positive findings emerged from further studies. It had been seven years since she had found relief from the pain in his lower back, but now she was pain-free. The results of this research suggest that acupuncture may be helpful for those with PLID.

Perianal warts are among the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide. The condition may be persistent, increase in size and number, and have a high recurrence rate. There are many therapeutic options of Perianal warts, but none of them prevent recurrence, only yield partial responses and have the propensity to cause scars. Immunotherapy by purified protein derivative (PPD) is one of the therapeutic options for AGW, which effectively reduces the number of lesions until complete clearance, with minimal side effects and less recurrence rate.  We reported a case of a 23-year-old male adult having Perianal Warts and treated successfully with Intradermal Purified Protein Derivative.

Leber’s Hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is most common mitochondrial inherited disease presenting in male patients. It is less commonly presented in females. Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) was first described in 1871 by the German ophthalmologist Theodore Leber and was subsequently named after him. It is characterized by bilateral, painless, subacute visual loss in young adults. LHON is a rare condition and many times doctors suspect and treat for other causes of vision loss.

The goal of this research was to characterize ADI isolated from Klebsiella pneumonia and investigate its antitumor efficacy in vitro. Because the arginine-degrading enzyme is a potent anticancer agent, the enzyme was purified from Klebsiella pneumonia clinical isolate in tow steps: precipitation with 70% saturated Ion exchange chromatography with DEAE-cellulose column and ammonium sulphate. The most active fractions in enzyme activity (4 U/ ml), With 6.4 folds of purifying and 57.6% enzymes recovery, the functional group of enzyme extract was 40 U/mg, The cytotoxic activity of purified arginine deiminase on HepG2, MCF-7 and WRL68 cells for 24 was examined. The growth of bacteria was found to be reduced by purified arginine deiminase. cancer cell line MCF-7and HepG-2 with an IC50 of142.6ϻg /ml and 64.10ϻg/ml respectively. At a concentration of 6.25 ϻg/ml, 94.21% and 94.79% cell viability were observed of MCF-7and HepG-2 after treatment with purified arginine deiminase, respectively. while, cell viability reached to 41.01% and 48.23% using 400ϻg/ml concentration purified arginine deiminase, respectively While ADI didn't show a significant effect on the viability of normal cell line.

Eczema is a skin problem that causes skin irritation, itchiness, roughness, and inflammation. There are different stages of eczema that are noticed in people from several age groups across the globe. Eczema is a common condition that’s estimated to affect up to 20% of children and adults worldwide. The most common type of eczema is Atopic Dermatitis (AD). It causes skin inflammation and irritation. Vitamin C is one of the most powerful antioxidants that protect skin barriers and help prevent skin-damaging diseases. Consuming vitamin C can help treat eczema and vitamin deficiency. Vitamin C also helps prevent water loss from the skin and therefore, maintains the skin hydration and the pH balance of the skin. A concentration of 65 gm-100 gm is extremely beneficial for the epidermal skin layers. In this review, we will summarize the effects of vitamin C on atopic dermatitis, and highlight the potential of vitamin C as a therapeutic strategy to treat AD, emphasizing the clinical application of vitamin C as an adjuvant for drugs or physical therapy in AD.

Background: In PSARP, complete exposure of the anorectal region by median sagittal incision from the sacrum to the anal dimple, cutting through the sphincter mechanism. The benefit of complete exposure is visualization of the anatomy of the area such as there is a strong funnel-like muscle that forms the sphincter mechanism, upper portion of the funnel formed by the levator muscle that is arranged horizontally and lower portion of this funnel is made mainly of vertical fibers that is called muscle complex. Objectives: To evaluate the early postoperative outcome of muscle complex saving posterior sagittal anorectoplasty for high and intermediate variety anorectal malformation. Methods: Quasi experimental study was carried out in the Faculty of Paediatric Surgery, Bangladesh Shishu Hospital and Institute. A total 23 patients were included in this study after fulfillment of all selection criteria during the study period. Results: This study showed that 19(82.6%) patients had 1-5 bowel movement per day with majority 15(65.2%) patient had no soiling. 19(82.6%) patients had no constipation and 4(17.4%) patients had constipation. Among the constipation patient, half of them were managed by changing diet and half of them were managed by laxative. More than one-third of 10(43.51%) patients had no associated anomaly. The majority of 14(60.90%) patients had recto bulbar fistula. Mean operative time was 100.39±9.56 minutes. Conclusion: Muscle complex saving posterior sagittal anorectoplasty is a good operative procedure for high and intermediate variety anorectal malformation in terms of soiling and constipation.

COVID-19 is currently a global health issue and an important cause of mortality. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the risk factors for infection, morbidity and mortality by SARS-CoV-2. In our study, we aimed to evaluate the clinical presentation and outcomes of CKD patients with COVID-19 and identify predictors of mortality. Aim of the study: Aim of the study was to find out the Outcome of patients with chronic kidney disease during COVID-19. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at the department of Medicine in Shaheed Monsur Ali Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh. This study was carried out from January 2020 to December 2021 with 115 patients. Results: This is a retrospective observational; 115 patients were enrolled and analyzed in this study. The age distribution of the participants; most of the 38(33.04%) patients were from the age range 60≥ years, and the lowest 3(2.61%) patients were from the age range ≤18 years. The figure shows the sex distribution of the study; the male patients were 61.74%, and the females were 38.26%. From our study, there were 52(45.22%) patients turned RTPCR negative within 54 days, 40(34.78%) patients needed 36 days, and 23(20.00%) patients needed 18 days to get negative results. Figure 2 shows the study's outcome; the survivor's rate was 78.26%, and the mortality rate was 21.74%. Conclusion: On-admission kidney dysfunction was associated with disease severity and poor short-term prognosis in patients with COVID-19. Thus, on-admission kidney dysfunction has the potential to stratify risks in COVID-19 patients.

Background: Burns have aroused extensive public health concern, especially among children. The aim of treatment in superficial burn injuries is to control infection and promote early healing with good aesthetic results. To achieve these goals, a wide variety of wound care products are currently available. But the best method of treatment is yet to be determined. Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to evaluate the differences in outcome between collagen and 1% silver sulfadiazine dressing in the treatment of superficial burns in children. Methods: This prospective interventional study was carried out at Bangladesh Shishu Hospital & Institute from March 2020 to March 2022. A total of 40 study cases were taken meeting the selection criteria. Study cases were allocated in two groups by lottery: Group A (collagen) and Group B (silver sulfadiazine). Result: The mean pain relief time was 2.7±0.6 days in group A and 4.8±0.4 days in group B. The difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). The mean wound healing time was 7.3±1 days in group A and 10.3±1.8 days in group B. The difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). The mean hospital stay was 4.5±0.6 days in group A and 6.8±0.7 days in group B. The difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: The application of collagen dressing in superficial burns in children is more efficacious than 1% silver sulfadiazine in terms of early pain relief, faster healing and shorter hospital stay.