Median raphe cysts (MRCs) are rare, benign congenital lesions of unknown origin, that can be found anywhere on the ventral side of the genital area, between the urethral meatus and the anus. The canaliform variety is very uncommon but clinically distinct. The rarity of our case is attributed to the canaliform type, the scrotal and perineal localization.

Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) is a benign disorder of the skin, clinically characterized by red scaly patches which heal with atrophy, scarring and pigmentary changes. DLE is subdivided into a localized form in which lesions are confined to the face and neck or a disseminated form in which lesions also occur elsewhere on the body. Malignant transformation is a rare complication of this condition. We report a case of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) developing over lesions of disseminated DLE. A 60 years male diagnosed as a case of Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) developed Squamous cell carcinoma from the lesions over a period of 5 years due to treatment gap and late follow up. Diagnosis was based on physical and histopathological examination, the absence of systemic involvement and routine laboratory parameters, which were all within normal range. It is every essential to counsel the diagnosed cases of DLE and warn all patients about all the possible outcomes and compliance with medications should be ensured

Background: The target of diabetes mellitus sufferers in 2021 in the city of Bandung is 43,761 sufferers, of which 92.78% have received health services according to standards. Aim: The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between fruit and vegetable consumption and the incidence of diabetes mellitus. Method: The research design used is cross sectional. The population in this study was people who visited the general poly of the Garuda Health Center. The sample was taken at a simple random, the number of samples in this study was 120 respondents. The instrument used is a questionnaire. Data analysis using chi square test Results: The results of the study found that most respondents did not suffer from diabetes mellitus by 29.2%. 60% of respondents consume enough fruits and vegetables. There was an association of fruit and vegetable consumption with the incidence of diabetes mellitus p = 0.001 and OR 3.968 (1.828-8.614). Conclusion:  People who consume enough fruits and vegetables every day have a 3.9 times chance of avoiding diabetes mellitus compared to people who consume less fruits and vegetables every day.

Background: Reproductive tract infections (RTIs) are a significant health concern for females in India. Despite their prevalence, there remains a significant lack of awareness and understanding about RTIs among the general public in India. Therefore, the present study aimed to describe the awareness about Reproductive tract infections among women of reproductive age group in Himachal Pradesh. Material & Methods: Between January 2023 and March 2023, a cross-sectional survey of women in Himachal Pradesh who are of childbearing age was conducted using a Google form. The Google form was sent throughout the state to women of reproductive age in both rural and urban areas for responses via email and social media platforms such Whatsapp groups, Facebook, Instagram, and Linkedin up until 400 responses were received. We gathered information about their socio-demographic characteristics and knowledge of reproductive tract infections. The required statistical tests were performed on the data using the Epi info v7 programme. Results: A total of 400 respondents including 165 (41.25%) were from urban area and 235(58.75%) were from rural area were participated in the study. In the present study 16.25% (65) participants had very good knowledge (16-20 marks) towards Reproductive tract infections , 27.0% (108) had good knowledge (12-15 marks), 33.75%(135) had fair knowledge (8-11 marks) and 23.0% (92) having poor knowledge (<8 marks). Conclusion: In conclusion, many women are still unaware of the risks and consequences of these infections. It is crucial to improve awareness and education about the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of reproductive tract infections among females in India.

Syzygium aromaticum or Clove has been used traditionally as a spice for thousands of years and provides a rich and spicy addition to our favourite recipes. Cloves are also essential in the manufacturing of herbal medicine such as Indian Ayurvedic medicine and Chinese medicine. Phenolic compounds such as eugenol show antioxidant capacity and free radical scavenging activity. Constituents of the oil also include methyl amyl ketone, methyl salicylate, α and β-humulene, benzaldehyde, β-ylangene and chavicol.

Background: Prostate Cancer (PCa) is men's second most commonly diagnosed cancer and bone is the most dominant site of metastasis. This study aims to investigate the diagnostic relevance of Bone Metastasis (BM) with Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) level and Gleason Score (GS) in Iraqi patients with PCa. Patients and Methods: Eighty-five patients diagnosed with PCa between January 2021 and October 2022 at Euphrates Cancer Hospital, Iraq, underwent Technetium-99 bone scintigraphy and serum PSA tests at the time of diagnosis. Results: Overall, 52 out of 85 (61.2%) patients had bone metastases. PSA and GS were significantly differed between patients with BM and those without BM. PSA and GS were statistically highly significant predictors of BM and their predictive values were (p<0.001) and (p <0.006), respectively, while age was not a predictive factor (p = 0.768). There were 26.7% (4/15) patients who had BM with PSA ≤20 ng/mL and GS <8. In comparison, none (0/7) had BM with GS ≤6 and PSA ≤10 ng/mL. The sensitivity and specificity of PSA level at a cut-off of 34.4 ng/mL were 80.77% and 72.73%, respectively. Conclusions: There was a high incidence of BM in Iraqi patients with newly diagnosed PCa. It was found that patients with PSA >10 ng/mL and GS ≥7 were at higher risk of BM. Therefore, a bone scan is highly recommended for patients with these characteristics. However, a bone scan might not be needed in PCa patients with PSA ≤10 ng/mL and GS ≤6.

Introduction: Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy (LC) has dramatically changed the outlook of patients with symptomatic gallstone disease. Empyema of the gallbladder is a potentially fatal complication of gallstones. One of the current worldwide health problems, especially among adults. Aim of the Study: The study aimed to find out the clinical outcome of Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy and its complication. Methods: This prospective study was conducted in the Department of Surgery at Khulna City Medical College and Hospital, Khulna, Bangladesh. The study was carried out from June 2019 to July 2021. The standard 4-port technique performed the LC with few modifications depending upon the situation, such as an additional port and percutaneous decompression of the gallbladder by the spinal needle. The gallbladder was incised in cases of thick pus and a suction cannula was introduced to aspirate directly into the gallbladder. The suction cannula was also used to dissect the dense adhesions in the area of Calot's triangle. The thickened wall of the gallbladder was also incised to apply the graspers properly in cases where it was difficult to get hold of the thick, edematous gallbladder. Data of each patient was recorded on a data form, including demographic details, operative findings, intraoperative complications, postoperative complications and duration of hospitalization. Result: A total of 120 patients were enrolled and analyzed in this prospective study. Most of the 44 (36.67%) patients were from the age range of 50-59. According to gender distribution, 65% of patients were male and 35% were female. From the operational complication, 13 (10.83%) patients had to bleed, 9 (7.50%) patients with perforation of the gallbladder, four patients had minor trauma to the common bile duct and the same number of patients had duodenal perforation. In this study, we successfully operated on 94 patients and converted 26 patients. There were 25 patients who had complications after a successful operation and 21 converted patients had complications. Conclusion: Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy (LC) is a safe and acceptable option in gallbladder empyema. However, there are significant technical difficulties due to edema, adhesions and distorted anatomy in the area of ​​Calot's triangle. The experience of the surgeon plays an important role. We recommend that patient safety be prioritized and that the conversion threshold be kept low. Sub-total cholecystectomy may be considered where resection proves dangerous.

A unicornuate uterus with a rudimentary horn is a uterine anomaly resulting from the incomplete development of one of the Müllerian ducts and an incomplete fusion with the contralateral side. Pregnancy in a rudimentary horn of the uterus is a rare clinical condition with a reported incidence of 1 in 100,000 to 140,000 pregnancies. Usually the diagnosis is missed and may present as an emergency with haemoperitoneum. We described a case of a 26-year-old PGR who had been diagnosed with intrauterine foetal death at 19 weeks of pregnancy and was referred to Dr. RPGMC Tanda.