Background to Study

The world operates on technological innovations that are increasingly changing how governments operate, interrelate, and serve the citizens [1]. The innovations that would have been regarded as science fiction a few years ago are now increasingly being used, such as the internet, computers, smart phones, global information networks, virtual reality etcetera. According to [2], the use of modern technologies has redesigned industries, cultures, politics and social order in the society. In the public sector, Piret [3] notes that technology is intrinsic to what governments do, not only in the provision of services such as health, education, infrastructure but also in the other fundamental government features such as power, how it is established, sustained and authorized.

According to Organisation of America States, the growth in the adoption of modern technologies during the recent years has had a significant effect on different characteristics of society and economic undertakings by making every day processes simpler and more effective. The application of e-government technologies has enabled countries to prevent the boundaries of the traditional paper-based system and make the administrative process convenient, efficient, transparent, accountable and responsible [1]. 

In the United States, electronic services were established in Mississippi state government as early as the year 2002. Employees would view their payroll as well as tax administration information online through the Access Medium for Public Employees. United Nations’ Electronic Government Survey, found that the USA scores high in application of modern technologies in public service delivery.

In India, the government created the Taskforce for Information Communication Technology and Software Development in May 1998 to promote use of electronic government applications by the Central and the State Governments. Moreover, electronic government has increased at a faster pace and has brought government closer to the people, improved governance and commitment to service delivery to the public [4].

In Africa, the World Bank’s Doing Business Report [5] revealed that Sub-Saharan Africa shows improvement in many areas of government, but particularly across categories driven by the adoption of electronic platforms and other e-government initiatives. Africa Open Data, found that 35% of the African population is able to access the internet which has made the continent to show visible progress in e-government. Moreover, in African countries, mobile, computer devices and data have become cheaper and affordable. Furthermore, data is more available and speeds of transmission are becoming faster, facilitating the expansion of electronic government technologies in the continent [6]. 

In Kenya, electronic government services were officially established in June, 2004 with the launch of the Electronic Government Strategy to enhance coherence, democracy and accountability within public administration. In 2006 the National ICTs blueprint was established to guide the requirement for development of infrastructure, development of human resource, participation of stakeholders and development of a regulatory framework. In 2013, the ICT Authority was created to co-ordinate and manage all the Government ICT functions, ensure enforcement of ICT standards in Government and supervise electronic communications [7]. In 2014 Huduma centres and e-Citizen portals were created to act as one-stop shops where citizens could easily get various government services online. Several developments in electronic government such as myGov, Open Data portals and government websites have enabled the citizens to access various public services more efficiently, conveniently and timely [8].

Statement of Problem

The application of ICT by governments improves effectiveness by minimizing time and cost of public services provided to the citizens. In Kenya, employment of electronic government initiatives is a major goal as evident in the country’s National ICT Master Plan 2018-2023, which envisages Kenya as an ICT-driven country and a globally competing digital economy [7]. According to National ICT Survey [9], 75.1 per cent of public sector institutions in the county are using electronic technologies to offer services.

However, even with the increased usage of modern technologies by most government institutions, the National Government Administrative Units in Kenya are not keeping pace in adopting new advancements. Paper-based service delivery in the sector has caused inefficiencies which has negatively affected provision of services.

As noted by Omariba and Okebiro [10], implementation of ICT strategies for National Government Administrative Units has not been effective to match the increasing usage of technology in other sectors of the civil service. This is in agreement with Kilelo [11], who found that even with the improvement of ICT in Kenya, the National Government Administrative Units have continued to experience increased bureaucracies. Similarly, a study conducted by Kipchumba [12], found that there is need to modernize the national government administrative units so as to enhance service provision in the sector. Thus, the identified challenges prompted an evaluation of influence of Top Management Support on adoption of e-government in National Government Administrative Units in Migori County.

Yaser and Alina [13] examined the impact of top management on technology acceptance in public organizations in Yemen. The study sought to identify relationship between managerial support and application of technologies in public organizations.  The study employed descriptive research design and quantitatively analyzed data collected from 250 respondents. The study indicated that there exists significant positive interrelation between support of top management and acceptance of technologies in public organizations. Moreover, the study found that management training in ICT positively influences acceptance of technology in public institutions. The study recommended that management should be qualified in the use of ICT systems to fully support and embrace ICT innovations. However, the findings of this study were limited to Yemeni public organizations.

Sami, Noor and Hassan [14] investigated the role of top management in accelerating acceptance of information technologies in Malaysia’s public sector. The study sought to identify the success and determinants of application of information technologies by public sector employees. The study utilized descriptive research design and data obtained from 357 respondents was analyzed by SEM technique. The study revealed that support of top management is an essential factor in motivating adoption of technologies. According to the study, top management should support adoption of any technology as it could enhance production and work processes. Moreover, top management should make appropriate technology usage decisions in order to facilitate users’ perceived usefulness and acceptance. The study recommended that top management needs to ensure that technology adopted is useful and easy to use in order to encourage its users to accept and subsequently adopt it. The study used SEM analysis, therefore there is need to use other analysis techniques in similar studies for comparative analysis of the study findings. 

Amini and Bakri [23], researched the contribution of top management behaviours on application of technology by small and medium-sized business firms in Iran. Specifically, the authors identified four top management behaviours: motivator, vision setter, task master and analyzer, and their role on the usage of cloud computing by firms in Iran. The study employed descriptive design and SEM method to analyze data obtained from 50 respondents. The study showed that top management directly and positively affect the use and adoption of modern innovations such as cloud computing. The study further showed that management which recognizes the benefits of a given technology can likely assign the required resources for its use and encourage the organisational members to embrace it. The study recommended that managerial behaviours should perform invaluable role in acceptance of new innovations in any organization. The study, however, utilized a smaller sample which could not give clear generalizations of relationships between study variables.

Jagero and Achieng [15] conducted an investigation on the interrelation between management support and usage of Computer Integrated Model (CIM) technology by small enterprises in Kisumu East district, Kenya. The researchers determined to assess how management commitment, management openness and management attitude influence computer integration in the Small Enterprises. Descriptive survey design and 295 respondents were used for the study. Analysis was conducted through quantitative and qualitative approaches. The study results indicated that managerial support is essential in application of CIM in the financial forecasting by small enterprises. Moreover, in agreement with the study by Sami, Noor and Hasan [14], the study established that readiness of management support acts as a product champion in the process of implementation of Computer Integrated Model in the financial forecasting. The study concluded that if a manager and organization staff have a positive attitude towards embracing implementation of technology, then it influences the organization to adopt it. The research was however conducted in the private sector and related research should be done in public     sector    in    order   to     correlate   the    results.

Odero and Ndolo [16] investigated the extent to which management commitment relates with usage of electronic procurements in the devolved government unit of Kakamega, Kenya. The research employed descriptive research design and data was obtained from 89 respondents. The data was analyzed descriptively and inferentially. The results revealed that commitment of managers has determining effect on assimilation of electronic procurement technology in Kakamega County. Moreover, the study reported that managers should be involved in formulation and implementation ICT policies for effective adoption of e-service initiatives. Managers should provide finance, technology, human and time resources needed for adoption of innovations. The study recommended that management needs to set baselines, goals and strategies which are necessary for adoption and employment of electronic procurement in county governments. The study was however limited to Kakamega County.

Dong and Neufeld [12], studied the role of top management support as a significant driver of usage of enterprise systems in Canadian universities. The intention of the research was to uncover the supportive actions managers engage in implementation of enterprise systems. The authors utilized analysis of indepth case study of Canadian universities and obtained primary data from 378 respondents using questionnaires and analyzed the data descriptively. The study results found that various management support practices exercise several influences on the realisation of system outcomes. The study further expressed that employee skills and effective security capabilities are factors that are positively influenced by management support of use of enterprise systems. According to the study, management support such as provision of resources, funds, staff training and vision sharing enhances receptivity of a new technology in an organization. The study recommended that top management needs to adjust their support so as to realize the desired outcome. However, the results of this research were limited to the Canadian universities. 

Burton and Deschamps [9], studied the role of managerial influence on adoption of modern technologies in USA. The study determined to find the level to which managerial innovativeness, task subjective importance, task related skill, technology related skill and job performance affect adoption of new technologies. Descriptive research design was utilized. The research used a sample of 708 participants and analyzed data quantitatively. From the findings, 64% of the participants noted that effective management support influences adoption of ICT strategy significantly. The study reported that there exists a positive relatedness between sophistication of management’s view on technology and its application by an institution. The study recommended that management needs to consciously monitor implementation process through advertisement and provision of infrastructure and staff motivation to adopt an innovation. The study findings were however limited to the USA and there is need to conduct similar studies  in    the   public    sector    of     other    countries.

Palvia and Baqir [17] reviewed ICT policies in developing nations, a case of Pakistan. Specifically, the study sought to examine how ICT policy designs affect ICT implementation processes and the actuality-design gaps. The study obtained secondary data from government policy reports and documents while primary data was obtained from 35 citizens and 53 government employees and utilized qualitative data analysis technique. The study revealed that there are wide gaps in policy designs and implementation in Pakistan and other developing countries. The study reported that the policy gaps have negatively affected development of electronic government in low income countries. Moreover, the authors established that policy gaps have created challenges for e-service providers in developing nations. The study recommended that ICT policies should encourage involvement of public officials, citizens, business and institutions in the design of implementation procedures to reduce design-actuality mismatch. This study was limited because it utilized qualitative analysis only. 

Lubua [18] examined the link between e-government and ICT legislative framework. The study specifically investigated the role of ICT policies and practices on e-service usage in Tanzania. The study utilized secondary data from National Policy for ICT 2003, Electronic-Government Strategy 2013, Online and Postal Communications Policy 2010, Tanzania Communications Authority Act 2003, National Security Policy 1970 and the Newspaper Policy 1976. The researcher found that although the legislations had promoted the use of ICT in Tanzania, some clauses were found to limit the use of ICTs for improved government of citizens and public institutions. The study reported that inefficient policies negatively affect implementation of electronic government efforts in Tanzania. The study recommended that ineffective policies needs to be amended to increase the pace of ICT adoption by citizens and public officials. The study results were however limited to Tanzania.

Kyobe and Okongo [19] cited ICT policies as determinant of implementation of electronic government strategies in low income countries, a case of Kenya. The study aimed to uncover the level to which awareness of ICT policies and ICT strategies by public service officers affect ICT projects in the Kenyan Public service. The study obtained data from 340 public service officers in Kenya and employed descriptive statistics for data analysis and Structural Equation Modeling to develop the study model. The study found that 64 % of the participants were very aware of existence of ICT policies for public services. However, 62 % were not informed of any electronic government strategy, which negatively impacts electronic government implementation in low income nations. The researchers established that inadequate awareness of ICT strategies and policies negatively affect implementation of online government programs. Moreover, public service officers need to understand variables that constitute public value of e-services to facilitate adoption of electronic government. The study recommended that governments should provide requisite capacity for citizens to be engaged in ICT policy development. The study used descriptive analysis only. A related study needs to be conducted using inferential analysis to compare findings.

Muthoni [20] similarly investigated government ICT policy as a factor influencing electronic government adoption Kenyan public institutions. By utilizing a sample of 150 respondents and descriptive statistics to analyse data, the research identified that utilization of electronic government is directly affected by ICT policies. This is because ICT policies streamline all the activities of implementation of electronic government. Moreover, the researcher reported that e-security factors and e-government adoption. The study recommended that development and regular reviewing of existing ICT policies, standards, rules and regulations to enable the government keep up with pace of the requirements for online government adoption in public institutions. However, the study was limited to ICT officers in government ministries.

Asare-Nuamah and Agyepong [5] examined the legal framework and policies for electronic government application in Ghana. The study reviewed the various policies that facilitate e-government adoption and the strains faced by the policies in uptake of electronic government in Ghana. The study utilized secondary data from journals, newspapers, magazines and government websites. Qualitative technique was utilized to analyze data. Results of the study reported that various ICT frameworks and policies facilitate e-government but their implementation is negatively affected by political, cultural, legal and social constrains. The study further indicated that for effective achievement of the goals of e-government, policy framework should serve as the bedrock in every stage of implementation of electronic government initiatives. Thus, the study recommended that agencies responsible for electronic government implementation need to be well resourced, create mass awareness of e-government policies and initiatives in order to enhance and increase citizen’s interest and engagement in the implementation process. The study employed qualitative analysis, therefore there is need to use quantitative analysis in a related study.

Nderitu and Kimile [21], identified ICT policy as a factor determining position of electronic government in Kenya. The researchers utilized theoretical approach by reviewing literature on electronic government adoption in Kenya. Specifically, the researchers utilized the Electronic Government Development Indicators and Network Readiness Indicators for the research. The study found that Kenya had made a major progress in e-government adoption but inadequate ICT policy hampers implementation of electronic government strategies. Moreover, the study found that a facilitative policy framework ensures that agencies do not work in independently during electronic government adoption. The study recommended that governments need to develop ICT policies to facilitate collaboration, co-ordination and communication between government departments and institutions in order to discourage departments from working in isolation. The study, however, relied on secondary data only.

Okemwa [22] cited policy and legal framework as an incentive for electronic government take up in selected devolved governments of Kenya. The study employed descriptive survey and used closed and openended questionnaires to compile data from 200 respondents.  By utilizing frequencies, correlation and regression analyses the study found that availability of adequate and strategic policy framework is important in ensuring equal access to electronic government services in Kenya. Moreover, the study found that political environment significantly influences ICT policies which in turn affect e-government implementation. The study noted that legal framework, policy base and strategic frameworks are pivotal in the success of an electronic government strategy. Furthermore, inadequate legal framework was found to be major drawback in the usage of electronic in devolved institutions. The study recommended that sound policy plans should be put in place to cover all areas of electronic government implementation. However, the scope of the study was broad, since it was conducted across many counties and it used correlation only for inferential analysis.

The study specifically investigated the role of Top Management Support, ICT Policy Framework, Human Resource Capacity and ICT infrastructure in determining adoption of electronic government in the National Government Administrative Units in Migori County. Two theories, the Diffusion of Innovation theory and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology were utilized to guide this study. The study employed quantitative research methodology and descriptive research design. The target population for the study comprised the 340 National Government Administrative Officers in Migori County. A sample of 184 respondents was selected for the study using stratified sampling. Data was obtained by closed-ended questionnaires and analyzed descriptively for mean, frequencies and standard deviation using SPSS version 22. The study also utilized inferential analysis for correlation and regression to provide complete relationships between the study variables that were studied. The response rate was 90.8%. Regression results indicated that there is a positive and significant relationship between institutional determinants and adoption of e- government of the administrative units of Migori County. The study therefore concluded that a willing and supportive management, implementation of ICT policy framework, skilled human resource and good ICT infrastructure leads to adoption and smooth running of e-government platforms.

The study focused on the influence of Top Management Support on adoption of e-government in National Government Administrative Units in Migori County. The respondents were asked to indicate the extent to which they agreed that Top Management Support determines adoption of electronic government in their place of work. A total of 10 statements on Top Management Support were used and the responses were rated on a five-point Likert Scale were:

• Strongly disagree

• Disagree

• Not sure 

• Agree

• Strongly Agree

The results were computed in Table 1 below. As seen in Table 1, top management support has achieved a high overall mean of M=3.89. The high overall mean suggests that on average, the respondents agreed that top management support influences e-government adoption in the National Government Administrative Units in Kenya. Moreover, the results revealed that the top management positively view utilization of electronic government services M=3.54, SD=0.421. The respondents concurred that top management has a comprehensive strategy for electronic government implementation M=3.96, SD=0.891. The respondents further agreed that the top management provides the needed ICT resources on time, facilitating e-government adoption M=4.22, SD=0.810. The respondents indicated that top management provides adequate ICT change management programs with the aim of promoting e-government adoption M=3.65, SD=1.200. The findings further showed that top management positively influenced the public officials’ views of e-government to overcome resistance to the implementation of e-government initiatives M=4.13, SD=0.788. Also, the respondents did agree that top management makes follows up on e-government implementation processes (M=4.15, SD=0.934). Most of the respondents were in agreement that the top management promotes understanding of the usefulness of electronic government applications as given by a (M=3.28, SD=1.36). The respondents agreed that top management provides adequate implementation guidance (M=3.99, SD=0.748). Most respondents are in agreement that the top management shares concerns about e-government challenges (M=3.56, SD=1.15). Finally, majority of the respondents agreed that top management is innovative in dealing with e-government adoption (M=4.40, SD=0.711). 

These findings are consistent with those of Yaser and Alina [13] who indicated that there exists significant positive interrelation between support of top management and acceptance of technologies in public organizations. Moreover, the findings were similar to those of Sami, Noor and Hassan [14] who found that support of top management is an essential factor in motivating adoption of technologies. Similar results were posted by Amini and Bakri [23] who revealed that management which recognizes the benefits of a given technology can likely assign the required resources for its use and encourage the members of an organizational to embrace it. Furthermore, the findings are in agreement with   those   of Dong  and Neufeld [24]

Table 1: Response on influence of top management support

Source: Research data (2020)

Table 2: Response on influence of Ict policy framework

Source: Research data (2020)

who found that effective management support influences adoption of e-government strategy significantly and Odero and Ndolo [16] who reported that commitment and management support practices exercise several influences on the realization of system outcomes.

The respondents were further asked to indicate the extent to which they agree that ICT Policy Framework influences adoption of electronic government in their place of work. [25-38] A total of 10 statements on ICT Policy Framework were used and the responses were rated on a five point Likert Scale where 1- strongly disagree, 2-Disagree, 3-Not sure, 4-Agree and 5-Strongly Agree. The results were computed in Table 2 below.

The study results indicate that the means of ICT Policy Framework scores ranged between M=3.12 and M=4.16. According to the study, many respondents agreed that government regulations promote e-government initiatives and processes of implementation (M=3.77, SD=0.998). With regard to government having a clear ICT policy for implementing and enforcing e-government strategies, majority of respondents were in agreement giving a mean of M=4.05, SD=0.884. Many respondents agreed that government standards for acquisition of ICT equipment are simple which encourage e-government adoption (M=3.98, SD=0.937). Further, most respondents were of the opinion that ICT Policies provide adequate protection of data privacy as well as security which promote adoption of electronic government services (M=3.82, SD=1.089). Most respondents also did agree that ICT Policies provide faster working processes which facilitate the application of electronic government (M=3.90, SD=0.921). The respondents indicated that ICT Policies provide procedures for effective handling of ICT equipment that facilitate e-government adoption (M=3.12, SD=1.464). On the item ICT Policies promote inclusion of the general public in e-government adoption, majority of respondents agreed indicating a mean of (M=4.07, SD=0.847). Respondents also agreed that Policies have specific requirements for using ICT services, for example using personal data, computer, accessories etc (M=4.16, SD=0.763). Further, the respondents agreed that ICT Policies are flexible and can be easily adapted to the changing e-government needs (M=4.15, SD=0.775) and that Policies clearly indicate the government’s ICT goals (M=3.98, SD=0.941). 

Overall, the findings indicated that the respondents agreed that ICT policy Framework influences e-government adoption with a grand mean of (M=3.90).  These findings are in line with those of Palvia et al. [17,18] who found that efficient policies positively affect implementation of electronic government efforts. Kyobe and Okongo [19], Asare-Nuamah and Agyepong [5] Nderitu and Kimile [21] and Okemwa [22] also found that for effective achievement of the goals of e-government, policy framework should serve as the bedrock in every stage of implementation of the e-government initiatives [37-53].

Based on findings of the study, the researcher concluded that institutional determinants are key in e-government adoption in the national government administrative units. Specifically, a willing and supportive management, implementation of effective ICT policy framework, availability of skilled and technology-oriented human resource and ICT infrastructure have a significant effect on e-government adoption  in the national government administrative units.

Recommendations

The study recommends that the top management in the national government administrative units should be strongly supportive and take sincere interest in inspiring implementation of e-government programs. On ICT Policy framework, the study recommends that the national government should enact flexible policies which can provide clear and compelling vision for achieving e-government objectives not only in the national government administrative units but also in other sectors of the public service [54-70]. On the other hand, the government should ensure that employees in the national government administrative units are skilled in the use of modern technologies through provision of ICT training and aligning operations in the sector with the technological changes and needs of the service recipients. Finally, the study recommends that to fully harness the power of e-government, the government should ensure adequate investment in ICT infrastructure as well as other related technologies in the national government administrative units.

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