Two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes were evaluated over two seasons (2017/2018 and 2018/2019), at three locations in the irrigated scheme of Newhalfa, Sudan, to study the inter-relationships between yield, yield components and other agronomic traits of the genotypes. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Data were collected on grain yield, some of its components and other growth attributes, simple correlation coefficients among these traits were calculated. The results attained showed that, at most of the testing sites, number of grains per plant, number of spike lets per plant and spike length were significantly positively correlated with grain yield of the crop, and among each other’s. On the other hand, the growth attributes with exception of the plant height were significantly positively correlated with each other and negatively correlated with yield and its components at most of the testing environments. Over all, plant height, number of tillers per plant number of spike lets per spike, number of grain per plant, spike length and 1000-grain weight had high positive correlation with yield, thus direct selection for these characters, would improve grain yield of the crop.

A two factor pots experiment was conducted during winter season of 201-2019 investigate effects of two growth regulator and soaking time on germination indices and seedling vigour of Lentil seeds. The experiment was laid out according RCBD with three replications. Parameters studied include germination indices; Final germination percentage FGP, Mean daily germination MDG, Daily germination speed DGS and vigour index. Also, seedling dry weight, length and root length were measured. The results indicated that soaking seeds of both crops enhanced germination behaviours and seedling characters. Application of GA or lemon at medium level concentration increased all characters measured in this study particularly under longer time of soaking. The positive effected of soaking with water with combination of GA significantly increased germination indices and seedlings growth characters .However, such result has made the base for further study that should be conducted in different season with different growth regulators involving different parameters of other crops. In conclusion, as a result, soaking seeds of Lentil with application of medium growth regulator concentrations could increase the seed germination indecencies and seedling growth characters.

Changes include: a very fast rate of business change with high uncertainty, rising costs along with increasing competitive pressures on profit margins, very rapid technological changes increasing the demand for new memberships to graduate empowerment, training, and re-education, organizations that are increasingly more organizations complex, leaner, more equitable and flexible, changing demographics, increasing competition and multinational collaboration and multilateral relations have resulted in the role of human resources (HR) increasing. This makes HR a source of competitive potential advantage because their intellectual interests, traits, skills, personal character, and cognitive and intellectual processes cannot be imitated by other companies. The purpose of this article is to discuss the relationship between effective HR planning and competitive advantage, namely how to implement HR plans that can support competitive advantage, and present the concept of integrating HR strategic planning. The method used is Literature review. The results obtained are Regarding competitive advantage, four main characteristics must be met by the HR function to support competitive advantage. Namely, 1) integration of HR activities into business strategy, 2) integration of HR and HR management processes, and 3) integration. HR with Business and 4) Integrating HR measurement with measurement throughout the organization. To achieve these four things, it is very important to start with an effective workforce plan.

A profitable and sustainably giant pawpaw bioenterprise requires an efficient seedling production. During ripening, the seeds in pawpaw fruits frequently appear in different colours which may affect the the ability of the seeds to germinate during seedling development a key practice in commercial pawpaw bioenterprise. Two sets of trials were conducted at Bio resources Development Centre (BIODEC), National Biotechnology Development Agency Owode-Yewa South Ogun State, Nigeria on the germination potential of giant pawpaw (Carica papapa Linn) seeds as influenced by changes in the color of the seeds inside the fruits during ripening. Two ripening pawpaw fruits were harvested from a single pawpaw plant and the seeds were collected, prepared, separated and assigned as Treatment 1 Orange submerged (ORSub), Treatment 2 Orange float (ORFlt), Treatment 3 Black submerged (BLSub) and Treatment 4 Mixture (MIXtu) that served as the control. Top soil was used as media for germination in polyethene bags and the trials were laid down using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) replicated five (5) times. Data were collected on percentage germination, number of leaves produced and plant heights. All the data collected from the two trials were pooled and subjected to one way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), means were separated with Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The result revealed that treatment 3 (Black submerged (BLSub) showed the highest germination percentage (52.99), number of leaves growth (6.37) and plant height (14.56 cm). The DMRT revealed that there was no significant difference statistically (P>0.05) between all the treatments in terms of all the parameters measured. It was recommended that giant pawpaw seed could be separated based on colour differences of the seeds in the ripening fruit prior to development in the nursery for uniformity of growth, efficient and sustainable seedling production.

This paper sought to ascertain constraints to use of risk-smart options among crop producers in Enugu State of Nigeria. The study was guided by four objectives. A two-stage random sampling technique was used to select two hundred and ninety-three crop farmers in the study area. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analyses. The result revealed that majority (58.7%) of the crop farmers were within the age range of 41-50 years, 55.6% had no contact with an extension agent monthly and mean farm income was ₦72,453.00. Sources of risks faced by crop producers were production, marketing, financial, legal, human resource and institutional risks. Crop farmers’ production enterprises were cassava (97.5%), vegetable (92.5%), millet (86.7%), plantain (77.9%), maize (67.2%) and rice (43.9%). Constraints affecting crop farmers’ usage level of risk smart options were loaded into three components viz Institutional, credit needs and social factors. It was recommended that crop farmers should form agricultural production cooperatives to enhance their risk-smart capacity in the area.

Surface water is contaminated with toxic metals due to untreated industrial effluents and agricultural runoffs. Considering this issue, an investigation was performed to assess the contamination status of water from the selected industrial areas grown in crops irrigated with river water. Twenty samples were analyzed for physicochemical parameters and ions such as Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Mn2+, Cd2+, Cr2+, Pb2+, Ni2+, Cl-, CO32- and HCO3-. Water samples were slightly alkaline to alkaline (pH=7.80-8.84) in nature. Water samples were classified as low (C1) to medium (C2) salinity and low alkalinity (S1) hazards indicating as C1S1 and C2S1. Water samples were rated as freshwater (TDS<1,000 mg L-1). All the samples were excellent (SAR<10) and were doubtful (SSP=60-80%). Water samples were suitable (RSC<1.25 meq L-1) and were from moderately hard to hard classes. Water samples were rated as Class-III implying 25% of maximum soil permeability as irrigation water. The dominance of ions in water samples was in the order of Na+>Ca2+>Cl->HCO3->Mg2+>K+>Pb2+>Fe2+>Mn2+>Zn2+>Cr2+>Cu2+>Ni2+ Cd2+. Among the ions, Cr2+ and Mn2+ ions in water samples were above the permissible limits and were deliberated as contaminants for long-term irrigation. The relationships between chemical quality parameters viz., EC, TDS, SAR, SSP, RSC, HT and PI were studied. Significant relationships were recorded between EC vs TDS, SAR vs SSP, SSP vs RSC, SSP vs HT and RSC vs HT. This finding revealed that Cr2+ and Mn2+ ions were contaminants in river water used for irrigation posing a detrimental impact on human health through food chain contamination.

Laying hens are a commodity that is favored by the community in meeting the needs of animal protein. In raising laying hens, there are several risks that must be considered. This study aims to analyze the source of the risk faced in laying hens, the level of risk priority, as well as the strategy of managing the risk of laying hens business conducted by laying hen farmers at the research site, namely Selopuro Village, Selopuro Subdistrict, Blitar District. Respondents to the study were conducted by census method of 62 laying hen husbandry. Fishbone Diagram was used to analyze root cause analysis. In analyzing the level of risk, Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) was used, and management strategy was analyzed descriptively qualitatively related to livestock management. From the results of the study there are two sources of risk, which are production risk and price risk. The highest production risk is characterized by the presence of climate warming, disease attacks, weather changes, capital limitations, poor feed quantity and quality, as well as pest attacks. Meanwhile, the price risk is characterized by a decrease in egg price and an increase in feed price. Therefore, several strategies can be explained, namely by developing adaptive cages, preventing and handling pests and diseases, expanding distribution channels and establishing cooperation, and improving the quality of human resources.

CITES (The Convention on International Trade in Endangered species of wild fauna and flora) Parties regulate trade in specimens (live and dead) of Appendix- I, II and III species and their hybrids, parts, products and derivatives through a system of permits and certificates (CITES documents). Certificates (CITES documents). Orchids are the second largest families of flowering plants and account for c. 8% of angiosperm species diversity. There about 63 monotypic families in the Indian flora. About 236 genera of flowering plants are monotypic in Indian flora. Dicots with 176 genera outnumber the monocots (60 genera). The most dominant plant families with monotypic taxa are Poaceae, Leguminosae, Asteraceae, Rubiaceae and Orchidaceae. Appendix – I includes all species threatened with extinction which are affected by trade. These species are subject to particularly strict regulation in order not to endanger further their survival and must only be authorized in exceptional circumstances; 10 species of Paphiopedilum and one species of Renanthera are included in this Appendix. Appendix-II includes all species which although not necessarily now threatened with extinction may become so unless trade in specimens of such species is subject to strict regulation in order to avoid utilization incompatible with their survival; In India, 1295 species belonging to 179 genera are included in this Appendix. In India, there about 54 species of orchids are monotypic accounting nearly 4 per cent of total orchid species of our country which were reviewed in details under this study.

A review of the concept of growth and death of microbes was reported. Kinetics is a branch of science that handles the mechanisms and rates of any processes. Growth kinetics is classified based on the relationship between product synthesis and energy generation in the cell as Growth associated, Non-Growth associated and Mixed-Growth associated. The factors that affect death rate vary among cultures and cultural conditions. This review provides a platform for solving problems encountered in fermentation and in some industrial processes like biodegradation, with the focus on overall increased productivity.

A survey was conducted to ascertain the level of aflatoxin awareness among employees of Babcock University, Nigeria, as a baseline study for understanding the level of aflatoxin awareness within the Nigerian population. Semi-structured self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data on respondents’ knowledge about the health/economic impacts of aflatoxins. Sixty-four percent of respondents (n=200) had prior knowledge about aflatoxins. There was no correlation between awareness level and the educational qualification. However, awareness was lower among female respondents, indicating a need to increase awareness levels within this group. The majority of aflatoxin-aware respondents (80% of n=128) correctly attributed aflatoxin contamination to fungal infestation but demonstrated varying of knowledge levels regarding implications of aflatoxins and recommendations for preventing contamination of food materials. It is recommended that sufficient resource be committed to improving aflatoxin awareness levels across Nigeria, through public enlightenments and collaborations among local, regional, national, and international governmental and non-governmental agencies.

Due to the importance of water in both domestic and industrial applications, it becomes imperative to examine water quality. This is basically the determination of the organisms, minerals and organic compounds dissolved in the water. Hence, the importance of this research work. The main objective of this research is to examine the physic chemical properties of popular bottled water vended in Ilisan Remo, Ogun state, Nigeria. Three different popular bottled water branded as Funtuna, Crestland and Babcock were analyzed. The variables analysed for include: pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solid (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), chloride, sulphate, total hardness, nitrate, phosphate, total alkalinity, iron, magnesium and potassium respectively. The American Public Health Association (APHA), and World Health Organization standards were used in each of these determinations. The analyses were carried out at ambient temperature, 4°C and 44°C respectively. In each of these determinations, analyses were carried out in triplicates, and the mean values reported. While most of the parameters investigated fell within the acceptable range of (WHO) standards within the range of experimental considerations, there were some notable abberations in the area of pH for Crestland, Phosphate for Funtuna, alkalinity for Futnuna and iron for Funtuna respectively. For the impact of pH, the results are shown below: For Babcock, at ambient temperature, we have 6.44, 6.66 at 4°C and 6.60 at 44°C. For Crestland at ambient, we have 5.56, 7.24 at 4°C and 4.61 at 44°C. For Funtuna, we have 6.91 at ambient temperature, 7.17 at 4°C and 6.45 at 44°C, Crestland bottled water did not meet the standard at ambient temperature and 44°C which is (6.5-8.5). On the impact of phosphate, the result are shown below: For Babcock at ambient temperature, we have 0.05 at ambient, 0.08 at 4°C and 0.07 at 44°C. For Crestland we have 0.07 at ambient temperature, 0.06 at 4°C and 0.04 at 44°C. For Funtuna, we have 0.11 at ambient, 0.06 at 4°C and 0.09 at 44°C. This indicates an aberration at ambient from the standard which is (0.10). The results of the impact of alkalinity is shown below: For Babcock, at ambient temperature, we have 22.60, 26.0 at 4°C and 34.0 at 44°C. For Crestland at ambient, we have 9.2, 6.0 at 4°C and 9.0 at 44°C. For Funtuna, we have 58 at ambient temperature, 60 at 4°C and 56 at 44°C. This shows an aberration from the Who standard which is 50. The results of the impact on iron content is shown below: For Babcock, at ambient temperature, we have 0.05, 0.08 at 4°C and 0.07 at 44°C. For Crestland at ambient, we have 0.00, 0.00 at 4°C and 0.00 at 44°C. For Funtuna, we have 0.19 at ambient temperature, 9.0 at 4°C and 0.02 at 44°C. This indicates aberration at ambient temperature and 4°C from The Who standard which is (1.0). These imply that water vendors should not expose Crestland bottled water to high sunlight (44°C). In addition, Funtuna bottled water will not do well at ambient temperature in terms of phosphate content. Also, the alkalinity of Funtuna bottled water is not good for consumption within the region of experimental considerations. Finally, at ambient and 4°C, the impact of temperature on the iron content of the water is appreciable.

Water is an essential part of human nutrition, both directly as drinking water or indirectly as a constituent of food. It is also a key parameter influencing survival and growth of micro-organism in food and other microbial environment. Hence, the importance of this research works. The major objective of this work is to examine the effect of temperature on the physico-chemical properties of sachet water vended in Ilisan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria. Three different popular sachet water branded as Haze, Kenny T, and Babcock were analyzed. The parameters analyzed for include : pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, chloride, sulphate, total hardness, nitrate phosphate, total alkalinity, iron, magnesium and potassium respectively. The American Public Health Association (APHA) and World Health Organization (WHO) standards were used in each of these determinations. The analyses were carried out at ambient temperature, 4°C and 44°C respectively. In each of these determinations, analyses were carried out in triplicates and the mean values reported. While most of the parameters investigated fell within the acceptable range of the world health organization standards within the range of experimental considerations; they were some aberrations in regards to the pH. For the impact on pH, the results for Babcock, Kenny T and Haze water are shown below: at ambient temperature, a pH of 6.07, at 4°C, a pH of 6.45, at 44°C, a pH of 5.83. For Kenny T at ambient temperature, we have a pH of 6.42, at 4°C a pH of 6.75 at 44°C, a pH of 6.28. For Haze at ambient temperature, we have a pH of 6.41, at 44°C , we have a Ph of 5.61. At 44°C, Babcock, Kenny T and Haze sachet water did not conform to the WHO standard for portable water in regard to pH which is (6.5-8.5). This implies that water vendors should not expose their sachet water to much sun in order not to change the water to acidic level which may constitute a health hazard to consumers.