Background and objective: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the high-risk patients in various countries around the world. Traumatic, iatrogenic, or vascular causes can all lead to spinal cord injury, presenting characteristics of high incidence, high disability rate, high cost, and a majority of young and middle-aged patients. The male to female ratio of SCI patients is 7.4/1, with an average age of (36.3±10.12) years [1]. Patients who have been hospitalized for a long time without sexual activity, and sexual function recovery is relatively lagging, seriously affecting comprehensive recovery and quality of life. To investigate the differences of nocturnal penile erections between patients with complete and incomplete SCI. Methods: 74 male patients with different degrees of SCI were enrolled from January 2019 to December 2023. According to The 2019 version of the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury, these patients were divided into two groups: complete SCI (ASIA A) and incomplete SCI (including ASIA B, C, D, and conical cauda equina injuries). Rigiscan was used to monitor the nocturnal penile erections via measuring the penile tip average event rigdity%, base average event rigdity%, tip event tumescence% ,bsae event tumescence%,tip average event tumescence and baseaverage event tumescence. Results: Different plane SCI patients had neurogenic erectile dysfunction, and there was no significant difference between the peniletip average event rigdity%, base average event rigdity%, tipevent tumescence% ,bsae event tumescence%,tip average event tumescence and baseaverage event tumescenceof complete and incomplete SCI. Conclusion: Patients with spinal cord injuries at different levels all have neurogenic erectile dysfunction, and the severity of erectile dysfunction is not significantly correlated with complete SCI.

Background: Ascaris lumbricoides is a nematode that causes ascariasis, localized in the human small intestine in most cases. Intestinal obstruction is an acute presentation that occurs in cases where clumps of worms form, causing partial or complete obstruction of the intestinal lumen. Worms that cause intestinal disorders in children are common at 1–14 years of age. Ascariasis is a rare cause of bowel obstruction. The aim of this study was to describe cases of Ascariasis that cause intestinal obstruction in children aged 7 years and over Indonesia which was treated with surgery. Case Presentation:  We report a case of ascariasis in a 7-year-old girl with total intestinal obstruction. She came to the hospital accompanied by her family with the main complaint being stomach pain. She was managed with exploratory laparotomy and enterotomy to remove the worm masses which causes intestinal obstruction. Conclusions: The prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides is very common in developing countries. Although the majority of the intestinal obstruction that they cause may be treated conservatively, in some circumstances, surgery may be required.

CRISPR technology has revolutionized genetic engineering, offering precise and versatile genome editing capabilities. This article provides an in-depth review of CRISPR-Cas9, exploring its fundamental mechanisms and applications in treating genetic disorders and cancers. It highlights significant advancements in using CRISPR for diseases like sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, and cancer immunotherapy. The article also addresses ethical considerations, including off-target effects and the implications of germline editing, along with regulatory challenges. Future prospects are discussed, emphasizing ongoing research to enhance CRISPR's precision and expand its applications in medicine and beyond.

Background: The Pre Anesthetic Check Up (PAC) is a vital component of perioperative care, aimed at preparing patients for anesthesia and subsequent surgery by assessing their medical history, physical condition, and potential risks. Despite its importance, there is a significant gap in patient awareness and knowledge of PAC, particularly in regions with challenging geographic and demographic factors like Chamba, Himachal Pradesh. This study assesses the level of awareness and knowledge regarding PAC among patients scheduled for surgery at Pt Jawahar Lal Nehru Government Medical College, Chamba. Material & Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional survey was conducted from January to May 2024 among 400 patients scheduled for surgery at Pt Jawahar Lal Nehru Government Medical College, Chamba. Data were collected using a pre-tested Google form questionnaire focusing on socio-demographic characteristics and knowledge of PAC. The questionnaire included 20 structured knowledge-related questions, scored to categorize participants into four knowledge levels. Data were analyzed using Epi Info V7 Software, focusing on frequencies and percentages. Results: The majority of participants (74%) were less than 40 years old, with a slight male predominance (55%). Most participants were married (55%), and the educational background varied, with 30% having at least secondary education and 25% having higher secondary education. Awareness of PAC was moderate, with 70% having heard of it, 60% knowing its purpose, and 50% understanding its components. However, only 40% were aware of preoperative fasting guidelines. Knowledge scores revealed that 20% had Very Good knowledge, 30% had Good knowledge, 25% had Fair knowledge, and 25% had Poor knowledge. The main barriers to understanding PAC included lack of information from healthcare providers (40%), limited access to educational materials (30%), low health literacy (20%), and language barriers (10%). Conclusion: This study highlights significant gaps in patient education regarding PAC, with many patients demonstrating suboptimal knowledge. Key barriers include insufficient information from healthcare providers, limited access to educational materials, low health literacy, and language barriers. Targeted interventions such as accessible educational materials, preoperative counseling, and educational campaigns are needed to improve patient understanding of PAC, ensuring better preparedness and perioperative outcomes. 

Background: Hemorrhoids, or piles, are common anorectal conditions characterized by swollen veins in the rectum and anus, leading to symptoms like pain, itching, and bleeding. Despite their prevalence, awareness and understanding of hemorrhoids are limited, especially in rural areas. This study aims to assess the knowledge of hemorrhoids among the general public in District Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh, to guide educational interventions. Material & Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional survey was conducted from January to May 2024 in District Bilaspur. The study included 400 adults aged 18 and above, who had lived in Bilaspur for at least 12 months. Data were collected via a pre-tested Google form questionnaire covering socio-demographic variables and knowledge about hemorrhoids. Analysis was performed using Epi Info V7 software. Results: The socio-demographic profile revealed a diverse and balanced sample. The age distribution showed 31.5% were aged 18-30 years, 23.8% were aged 31-40 years, 21.0% were aged 41-50 years, and 23.8% were over 50 years old. Gender distribution was nearly equal, with 49.5% male and 50.5% female participants. Knowledge regarding symptoms was relatively high, with 78.5% having heard of hemorrhoids and 71.8% aware that hemorrhoids can cause pain. Awareness of causes and risk factors varied, with 62.0% knowing that chronic constipation can cause hemorrhoids. Knowledge of prevention and treatment measures was moderate, with significant gaps identified. Conclusion: The findings reveal gaps in the comprehensive knowledge of hemorrhoids among the public in Bilaspur. While basic awareness is adequate, there is a need for targeted educational programs to improve understanding of symptoms, causes, prevention, and treatment. Effective public health campaigns are essential to enhance health literacy and outcomes.

Introduction: Stroke is a major cause of death and long-term disability worldwide, necessitating prompt recognition of symptoms and immediate medical intervention to minimize brain damage and improve outcomes. Public awareness and knowledge about stroke symptoms and prevention tactics are crucial in reducing its incidence and impact. Shimla, the capital of Himachal Pradesh, presents a unique demographic mix of urban and rural populations, providing a comprehensive perspective on community health literacy.

Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to gauge awareness and knowledge about stroke among the general public in District Shimla. By identifying gaps in awareness and common misconceptions, this research aimed to support the development of targeted educational programs and public health initiatives.

Methodology: A descriptive, cross-sectional survey was conducted between January 2024 and May 2024 in District Shimla. The study targeted adults aged 18 and above who had resided in the district for at least 12 months. A sample size of 400 adults was determined using a 95% confidence level and an estimated knowledge level of 50%. Data was collected using a Google Form questionnaire circulated via email and social media. The data was analyzed using Epi Info V7 Software.

Results: The study revealed that 80.5% of participants were knowledgeable about stroke symptoms, and 73% were aware of stroke risk factors. Understanding the importance of immediate medical help was noted in 77.8% of participants, and 70.5% were aware of lifestyle changes to prevent stroke. Overall, 26% of participants demonstrated very good knowledge, while 36.8% had good knowledge, 24.3% had fair knowledge, and 13% had poor knowledge. Notable gaps were found in the understanding of the difference between ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes (60.5%), signs of transient ischemic attacks (57%), and the role of medication adherence (62%).

Conclusion: While a significant portion of Shimla's residents are aware of stroke symptoms and prevention tactics, critical knowledge gaps remain. Continuous public education and targeted interventions are necessary to bridge these gaps, improve health outcomes, and reduce the incidence and severity of strokes. The findings provide a foundation for developing effective health promotion strategies tailored to the specific needs of Shimla's population.

Land degradation is a process in which the value of the biophysical environment is affected by a combination of human-induced processes acting upon the land. It is viewed as any change or disturbance to the land perceived to be deleterious or undesirable. Land degradation: a decline in the quality or performance of land. Or erosion of the earth ‘s land surface by water, wind, or ice. Land degradation affects people and ecosystems throughout the planet and is both affected by climate change and contributes to it. The prolonged effect of land degradation has re-sulted in erratic rainfall causing severe droughts at ir-regular intervals and these droughts threaten the livesand livelihoods of millions of people. According to the FAO, the world's cultivated soils - meaning soils that have been rearranged - have lost between 25 and 75 percent of their original carbon stock, which has been released into the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide. The simulated results of costs of loss of milk, meat and costs associated with weight loss of animals not slaughtered or sold associated with land degradation in grazing biomass.