Objectives: Previous study shows that’s females with PCOS have higher ratio of LH/FSH ratio than those healthy females. Although this ratio is not so sensitive but its help in the diagnosis of PCOS. The ophthalmological effect of high LH/FSH ratio have yet not been investigated in women with PCOS. The aim of current study to compare the corneal thickness (CCT) of patients with PCOS and those healthy women. Methods: A case control study of 111 women were included in this study,69 of the were PCOS  and 42 age and gender matched health women were in rolled in this study. CCT was measured for both PCOS and healthy women by tachymetry. LH, FSH and LH/FSH ratio measured for PCOS individuals. Results: Women with high ratio PCOS shows no significant changes in CCT in Comparison with normal ratio PCOS women. Also women with high ratio PCOS shows no significant changes in CCT in Comparison to healthy individuals. So, no significant correlation between LH, FSH hormone levels and CCT. Conclusion: Although the PCOS has target organ effects on the eye, consequently it's seems no direct effect on CCT. We suggest a careful and detail corneal evaluation in PCOS patients to prevent the potential risk of CCT changes in addition to already known complications.

Background: Surgery, a pivotal component of healthcare, holds the promise of recovery but is accompanied by the risk of postoperative complications. Understanding the level of public awareness regarding these complications is crucial for improving patient outcomes. This study explores the awareness and knowledge of early postoperative complications among the general public in District Kinnaur, Himachal Pradesh, providing insights into the unique healthcare landscape of this region. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey design was employed to assess the awareness and knowledge of 400 adults in District Kinnaur. The study utilized a Google Form questionnaire, covering socio-demographic details and 20 knowledge-related questions on early postoperative complications. Data was collected between August 2023 and November 2023 through online platforms. The study population comprised residents aged 18 and above with a minimum 12-month residency in District Kinnaur. Data analysis was conducted using Epi Info V7 Software, and ethical considerations, including participant confidentiality, were maintained. Results: Of the 400 participants, 58.5% were male, and 41.5% were female. The majority exhibited good to very good knowledge (71.5%) of early postoperative complications. Concerns were identified, particularly in respiratory complications (53.25%) and dietary considerations (67.75%). Factors influencing knowledge included age, education, and socioeconomic status. The study recommends targeted educational programs focusing on identified gaps and leveraging community engagement for effective health promotion. Conclusion: This study unveils the awareness levels and knowledge gaps regarding early postoperative complications in District Kinnaur. The findings underscore the importance of tailored educational interventions to empower the community in navigating the postoperative phase effectively. Addressing specific concerns, such as respiratory care and dietary considerations, can contribute to improved healthcare literacy and patient outcomes.

Background: Hemorrhoids, commonly known as piles, present a significant health concern, impacting individuals worldwide. While global understanding exists, research specific to the Indian subcontinent, particularly in regions like Himachal Pradesh, is limited. This study aims to bridge this gap by assessing awareness and knowledge levels among the Himachal Pradesh public, considering the unique sociocultural milieu of the region. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Himachal Pradesh between August and November 2023, targeting adults aged 18 and above. The sample size of 400 participants was determined using a 95% confidence level. A Google Form questionnaire, validated by experts, encompassed socio-demographic details and 20 knowledge-related questions. Data were collected online, analyzed using Epi Info V7, and ethical considerations were maintained. Results: Out of 400 respondents, 59.5% were male, and 40.5% were female, with 35.75% from urban and 64.25% from rural areas. Knowledge levels varied, with 29.25% having very good knowledge, 39% good knowledge, 19.5% fair knowledge, and 12.25% poor knowledge. Participants showed commendable awareness of hemorrhoid basics but demonstrated room for improvement in understanding risk factors and preventive measures. Conclusion: This study reveals a baseline awareness of hemorrhoids among Himachal Pradesh residents, emphasizing the need for targeted health education interventions. The findings, consistent with broader Indian literature, underscore the importance of culturally sensitive healthcare strategies tailored to regional nuances.

Prostate cancer stands as the second most prevalent cancer among men globally, necessitating a nuanced understanding of community awareness for effective prevention and early detection. This study explores the knowledge levels related to Prostate cancer among residents of District Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, considering the unique demographic and healthcare challenges in this region. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from August 2023 to October 2023, encompassing 400 adults residing in District Kangra for a minimum of 12 months. A Google Form questionnaire, comprising socio-demographic details and 20 knowledge-related questions, was employed. The knowledge scores were categorized as very good, good, fair, and poor. Data analysis utilized Epi Info V7 software, and ethical considerations were strictly maintained. Results: Of the 400 respondents, 26% exhibited very good knowledge, 35.5% good knowledge, 25.25% fair knowledge, and 13.25% poor knowledge regarding Prostate cancer. While 73.25% could describe the nature and location of Prostate cancer, awareness regarding genetic factors (25.75%) and recommended screening age (32%) indicated notable gaps. Moderate knowledge levels were observed for preventive measures (51.25%) and lifestyle influences (62%). Participants recognized the potential of education and awareness campaigns (53.5%) in reducing Prostate cancer prevalence. Conclusion: The study reveals a commendable overall awareness level in District Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, with specific knowledge gaps that warrant targeted interventions. Comparisons with other Indian studies emphasize the global nature of these gaps, highlighting the need for culturally sensitive awareness campaigns and educational initiatives. The findings provide valuable insights for tailored public health strategies in this unique community.

Background: Lung cancer poses a significant global health challenge, necessitating an exploration of awareness and knowledge levels among the general public in unique regional contexts. This study focuses on the idyllic hills of Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, where lifestyle, environmental factors, and healthcare disparities intertwine, potentially influencing the trajectory of lung cancer in this distinct population. Material and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted between August and November 2023 in District Shimla. The study included 400 adults residing in urban and rural areas. A Google Form questionnaire assessed socio-demographic information and knowledge about lung cancer. Validity was ensured through expert evaluation. Data were collected through online platforms and analyzed using Epi Info V7 software. Results: The study revealed a commendable overall knowledge level, with 32.75% demonstrating very good knowledge, 36.75% good knowledge, 17.25% fair knowledge, and 13.25% poor knowledge. Participants exhibited a robust understanding of fundamental lung cancer concepts, but gaps were identified in areas such as lesser-known risk factors and the benefits of screenings. Conclusion: Despite a solid baseline of knowledge, targeted interventions are crucial to address specific gaps identified in this unique setting. Community-based initiatives, including workshops and media collaborations, can enhance awareness and support systems. The study contributes to the global discourse on lung cancer awareness while emphasizing the need for culturally sensitive strategies in regional public health interventions.

Background: Infertility, a global concern impacting millions of couples, extends its reach beyond urban centers, with rural areas often facing limited awareness and healthcare access. The unique socio-cultural fabric of Himachal Pradesh, nestled in the Himalayas, adds complexity to the understanding of infertility in District Shimla. Acknowledging the World Health Organization's emphasis on cultural context, this study aims to unveil the tapestry of infertility awareness among women in this region. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted in District Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, between August 2023 and October 2023. The study included 400 women of reproductive age, residing in the district for at least 12 months. A Google form questionnaire, addressing socio-demographic factors and infertility knowledge, underwent expert validation. Data collection utilized online platforms, and statistical analysis employed Epi Info V7 software. Results: Of the 400 respondents, 59.5% hailed from rural areas, and 40.5% from urban areas. Key findings include a commendable general awareness of infertility (72.25%), with 60.25% recognizing its impact on both genders. While specific causes of female infertility were known to 50.75%, lifestyle factors contributing to infertility were acknowledged by 71%. Participants demonstrated awareness of diagnostic and treatment modalities, with 76% recognizing the importance of early diagnosis and treatment. Conclusion: The study sheds light on the crucial yet underexplored aspect of women's health in District Shimla. Despite encouraging overall awareness, targeted interventions are needed to address specific knowledge gaps. The findings contribute to a growing body of literature, emphasizing the necessity for region-specific approaches considering cultural, social, and educational influences on reproductive health knowledge.

Background: Acute appendicitis and acute cholecystitis are prevalent surgical emergencies that can lead to severe complications if not promptly treated. The study focuses on assessing the knowledge levels of patients attending the outpatient department of Civil Hospital, Manali, Himachal Pradesh, regarding these conditions. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in the OPD of Civil Hospital, Manali, between July and September 2023. A total of 400 patients aged above 30 were included. A structured questionnaire with 20 knowledge-related questions was used, and demographic data were collected. Knowledge levels were categorized as very good, good, fair, or poor. Data were analyzed using Epi Info V7 software. Results: The study included 68.75% male and 31.25% female patients, with 64.25% from rural areas. Knowledge levels varied, with 21.5% having very good knowledge, 35.5% good knowledge, 30.75% fair knowledge, and 12.25% poor knowledge. Common symptoms of acute appendicitis and cholecystitis were recognized by 72.5% and 70.25% of participants, respectively. While 72.25% knew untreated appendicitis could lead to complications, only 68.5% were aware of the role of gallstones in cholecystitis. The study identified areas where awareness could be improved, particularly in recognizing risk factors, prevention, and available resources. Conclusion: The study highlights varying levels of knowledge among patients attending the OPD of Civil Hospital, Manali, regarding acute appendicitis and acute cholecystitis. These findings underscore the need for targeted educational initiatives to enhance awareness and understanding of these surgical emergencies. Such efforts are crucial in improving healthcare delivery and patient outcomes, especially in regions like Himachal Pradesh.

Background: Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by heightened sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation due to a deficiency in the endonuclease enzyme responsible for DNA repair. Aim: The study aimed to evaluate the role of chemical peels in clearing the skin background in patients with XP and reducing the rate of new lesion development. Patients and Methods: This study included 14 patients with XP, consisting of 9 males and 5 females, who underwent facial chemical peels using 30% trichloroacetic acid. The study was conducted between March 2011 and May 2012 at Al-Jamhouri Teaching Hospital in Mosul. Evaluation of results was performed by two plastic surgeons and patient satisfaction. Results: All patients underwent trichloroacetic acid peeling of the entire face, with the number of sessions varying. Specifically, one patient received 3 sessions, another patient received 4 sessions, and one patient received 6 sessions. Eight patients underwent 5 sessions, and three patients received 7 sessions of chemical peels. Patient and parent satisfaction was assessed, with 7 patients reporting high satisfaction and 7 patients indicating moderate satisfaction. Evaluation by two plastic surgeons revealed good results in 5 patients, moderate results in 7 patients, and poor results in 2 patients. Conclusion: Chemical peels offer a simple, well-tolerated procedure that effectively clears skin background changes and eliminates subclinical premalignant lesions, as diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). This procedure exhibits a prophylactic effect in XP patients and yields positive outcomes with minimal complications.

Background: Ear health and hygiene are essential components of overall well-being, particularly during adolescence when individuals establish lifelong habits. Despite the critical role of ear health, there is limited research on the knowledge levels of schoolgoing adolescents in Himachal Pradesh, India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 400 schoolgoing adolescents in Himachal Pradesh to evaluate their knowledge of ear hygiene. A structured questionnaire covering various aspects of ear hygiene was administered via online platforms. Data analysis was performed using Epi Info V7 Software. Results: The study revealed high awareness levels among participants regarding key aspects of ear hygiene, including the purpose of earwax, factors leading to earwax buildup, and the importance of protecting ears from loud noises. Moreover, participants displayed a sound understanding of ear infection signs and prevention, as well as the risks associated with improper earwax removal. Many recognized the significance of regular check-ups with ear specialists and knew where to find reliable ear health information. Conclusion: The study underscores the promising ear hygiene knowledge among schoolgoing adolescents in Himachal Pradesh. However, targeted educational programs can address specific knowledge gaps, enhance swimmer's ear prevention, and improve tinnitus management. These efforts can contribute to better ear health practices and overall well-being in this diverse region.

Background: Osteoporosis is a pathological condition characterised by a decrease in bone mineral density, resulting in an elevated vulnerability to fractures. Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a highly widespread mental condition that is characterised by symptoms such as anhedonia, sleep abnormalities and depressive mood. They consider chronic disease as they have a great impact on life quality, mortality, and morbidity. In fact, few studies were conducted on the association between depression and low BMD. Objectives: The objective of this research was to determine the prevalence of major depressive illness in postmenopausal Iraqi women diagnosed with osteoporosis, and its relationship with osteoporotic vertebral fracture and other mild stress fractures. Patients and Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional investigation that included a sample of 100 post-menopausal women from Iraq who had been diagnosed with osteoporosis based on the categorization criteria established by the World Health Organisation (WHO) for osteopenia and osteoporosis. Lateral view x-rays of the thoracolumbar spine were conducted on a cohort of female individuals, with the objective of evaluating osteoporotic vertebral fractures. The semi-quantitative technique was employed for this assessment. The female participants underwent screening for major depressive disorder utilising the diagnostic criteria for depression outlined in the DSM5. Additionally, the intensity of their depressed symptoms was evaluated using the Beck Depression Inventory scale, specifically the Arabic version. Results: The present study reveals that 18% of postmenopausal Iraqi women with osteoporosis had a major depressive disorder. There is no statistically significant association between major depressive disorder and bone mineral density (p≥0.05). However, a statistically significant association (p=0.01) has been observed between osteoporotic vertebral fracture and major depressive disorder, when compared to a previous history of other types of low trauma fractures or no fractures. Conclusions: The present study reveals that 18% of postmenopausal Iraqi women with osteoporosis had a major depressive disorder with statistically significant association with osteoporotic vertebral fracture.

Background: The nipple discharge is the release of any fluid from the nipple of breast and represent a common symptomatic problem that causes many women discomfort and anxiety and may be a first complain of a patient. Nipple discharge can be the earliest presenting symptom of malignant breast diseases. Patients and Methods: A prospective study of (86) patients at Baqubah teaching hospital from 1st October 2013 till 31st March 2014. Only females included in the study. The chief complain of all patient included in our study was nipple discharge. Clinical examination, mammography, ultrasound, and cytology was done for all patients. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC), and definitive histological examination was done for patients presented with nipple discharge associated with breast lump Result: The common age group of women complaining from nipple discharge was from (30-39) 32.5%, and the most common type of nipple discharge were bloody nipple discharge (40.8%) and, abnormal nipple discharge are more common with benign than malignant breast diseases. The direct cytology from nipple discharge had a good efficacy in diagnosis of malignant breast diseases (79.1%). The best modality for diagnosis of malignant breast diseases was the histopathology (100%) and the other diagnostic tests were the FNAC (78.5%). Conclusions: Any type of nipple discharge mainly bloody and purulent should not be neglected because it may be the presentation of benign or malignant breast diseases. Direct cytology from nipple discharge have a good value in diagnosis of malignant breast diseases. The histopathology has the difentive diagnosis of malignant breast diseases when there is associated mass.

Background: Myocardial Infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, presents a significant global health challenge. In India, cardiovascular diseases, including MI, contribute substantially to morbidity and mortality. District Kangra in Himachal Pradesh, a region encompassing both rural and urban areas, faces healthcare challenges associated with the increasing burden of heart-related conditions. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study conducted between May and July 2023 aimed to assess the awareness and knowledge of MI symptoms and risk factors among 400 adults in District Kangra. A structured questionnaire was employed to collect data on demographic characteristics and knowledge levels. Validated tools and statistical analysis were used to assess responses. Results: The study revealed that a majority of participants exhibited a high level of awareness concerning MI, its symptoms, and risk factors. Specifically, participants displayed substantial knowledge of lifestyle-related risk factors, such as smoking, physical inactivity, and obesity. However, knowledge gaps were identified in areas such as the "Golden Hour" concept, CPR, and stress management techniques. Conclusion: The study underscores the encouraging levels of awareness among the general public of District Kangra regarding MI symptoms and risk factors. To further enhance preparedness for heart-related emergencies, targeted educational efforts should address specific knowledge gaps, emphasizing prompt medical intervention and CPR training. These interventions can contribute to improved heart health outcomes in this diverse community.

Anesthesia, often likened to orchestrating a complex symphony in modern medicine, demands meticulous attention to patient safety. In Himachal Pradesh, where healthcare excellence meets stunning landscapes, Resident Anesthetists are entrusted with the profound responsibility of safeguarding patients against anesthesia-related complications and emergencies. This study explores their awareness and knowledge concerning critical situations, focusing on malignant hyperthermia, anaphylaxis, and airway obstruction. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among Junior and Senior Residents of Anesthesia in Himachal Pradesh. A sample size of 100 was determined. A questionnaire covering socio-demographics and 20 knowledge-related questions was used. Data was analyzed using Epi Info V7 Software, and ethical considerations were maintained. Results: Participants demonstrated commendable knowledge of malignant hyperthermia (MH), anaphylaxis, and airway obstruction. Most recognized MH triggers, clinical signs, and dantrolene's role. Anaphylaxis knowledge included triggers, early signs, and medication administration. Proficiency in recognizing airway complications, capnography's importance, fluid resuscitation principles, and aspiration prevention was evident. The difficult airway algorithm and teamwork's significance in emergencies were acknowledged. Conclusion: Resident Anesthetists in Himachal Pradesh exhibit substantial awareness and knowledge of anesthesia-related complications and emergencies, reflecting readiness to manage critical situations. Continuous educational initiatives can further enhance competence, ensuring patient safety in this captivating region.

Background: Conjunctivitis, commonly known as Pink Eye, is a contagious eye condition with significant public health implications. Understanding the awareness and knowledge of Conjunctivitis among the general population is crucial for effective prevention and management. This study aimed to assess awareness and knowledge levels of Conjunctivitis among residents of Himachal Pradesh, India. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted between May and July 2023 in Himachal Pradesh, targeting adults aged 18 and above. A structured questionnaire comprising 20 knowledge-related questions was used to collect data on awareness and knowledge of Conjunctivitis. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: Of the 400 participants, 68.25% correctly identified Conjunctivitis as Pink Eye. Awareness varied for different aspects of the condition: 24.25% knew the types of Conjunctivitis, 21.5% could differentiate viral from bacterial Conjunctivitis, and 58% recognized specific symptoms associated with various types. Notably, 67.75% acknowledged the importance of raising awareness in their community. While 49.25% recognized the need for medical attention, 49.75% were aware of over-the-counter remedies, and 53.5% knew about home remedies for relief. In terms of preventive practices, 56.5% recognized best practices for limiting the spread of contagious Conjunctivitis. Conclusion: This study revealed varying levels of awareness and knowledge about Conjunctivitis among residents of Himachal Pradesh. While there were strengths in recognizing symptoms and preventive practices, opportunities for improvement existed in differentiating Conjunctivitis types and understanding age susceptibility. These findings underscore the importance of targeted eye health awareness campaigns and educational initiatives to enhance overall eye health in the region.

Background: In the digital age, screens have become an integral part of daily life, presenting a concerning ocular health challenge known as Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS) or Digital Eye Strain. This study explores the awareness, knowledge, and strategies for combating CVS among residents of District Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, in India. Methods: A cross-sectional survey involving 400 adults was conducted between April and July 2023. A structured questionnaire assessed participants' awareness and understanding of CVS, including symptoms, risk factors, and preventive strategies. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: While 66.25% of respondents correctly defined CVS and its causes, knowledge gaps were identified in strategies for prevention and management, with only 43.75% identifying effective measures. Although 69% recognized the impact of CVS on sleep patterns and 64% understood its long-term effects, awareness of the "20-20-20" rule was limited (22.25%). Approximately 27.25% were aware of local initiatives promoting Digital Eye Wellness. Almost 40% had sought professional advice for CVS symptoms. Conclusion: District Kangra residents exhibit reasonable awareness of CVS; however, knowledge gaps persist, particularly in practical prevention and management strategies. Public education efforts are needed to promote ergonomic practices, the "20-20-20" rule, and local resources for CVS prevention. Addressing these gaps can enhance ocular health in the digital era.

Background: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age globally. Awareness and understanding of PCOS among women can significantly impact early diagnosis and management. This study aimed to assess PCOS knowledge among women in District Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India, identifying knowledge gaps and educational needs. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from April to June 2023 among 400 women of reproductive age in District Shimla. A structured questionnaire covered demographics and 20 PCOS-related knowledge questions. Data were analyzed using Epi Info V7 Software. Results: Of the participants, 35.75% displayed very good knowledge, 38% had good knowledge, 18.5% had fair knowledge, and 7.75% had poor knowledge regarding PCOS. Key findings included a reasonable understanding of PCOS nomenclature (63.5%), common signs and symptoms (61.75%), and its impact on menstrual cycles (61.5%). Knowledge gaps were evident in understanding risk factors (46.25%), treatment options (46.5%), and surgical interventions (26%). Awareness of lifestyle management (45.5%), medication use (45.75%), and long-term health consequences (43%) was moderate. Nutritional guidelines (29%) and support resources (24.75%) were less known. Conclusion: While awareness of PCOS is present among women in District Shimla, significant knowledge gaps exist, particularly regarding risk factors, treatment options, and support resources. Targeted educational efforts can empower women to make informed decisions about their reproductive health, emphasizing early diagnosis and effective management.

Background: Bladder cancer is a global health concern with profound implications for individuals and public health. Awareness and knowledge about this disease are pivotal for early intervention and prevention. This study explores bladder cancer awareness and risk factors among the population of District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted between May and July 2023, involving 400 adults in District Mandi. A structured questionnaire assessed knowledge levels regarding bladder cancer. Data were analyzed using Epi Info V7 software. Ethical guidelines were strictly followed. Results: The study revealed variable knowledge levels; 24.5% exhibited very good knowledge, 37.75% good knowledge, 23.75% fair knowledge, and 14% poor knowledge. Participants demonstrated better awareness of bladder cancer compared to some less common cancers. Notable findings include 64.25% recognizing smoking and pollutants as risk factors, 58.75% acknowledging prevention possibilities, and 62.25% emphasizing early detection's significance. Screening methods knowledge was limited (35.5%). 54.5% recognized the potential of awareness campaigns. Conclusion: District Mandi's population exhibits diverse knowledge levels regarding bladder cancer. While fundamental understanding exists, gaps persist, particularly in screening methods and detailed risk factors. Tailored awareness campaigns, involving healthcare professionals and community organizations, are essential to address these gaps, promote prevention, and improve bladder cancer awareness and support.

Background: Prostate cancer is a significant global health concern, particularly in India, where it ranks among the most prevalent cancers in men. This study aimed to assess the knowledge levels regarding prostate cancer among the general public in District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, to inform awareness and educational efforts. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 400 adults residing in District Mandi. A structured questionnaire assessed knowledge levels, with correct answers categorized into four levels: very good, good, fair, and poor. Data analysis utilized frequencies and percentages. Results: The study revealed varying degrees of knowledge among participants. Notably, 28.5% displayed very good knowledge, 34.75% had good knowledge, 22.75% possessed fair knowledge, and 14% exhibited poor knowledge. Urban and rural residents were included in the study, emphasizing the need for targeted awareness campaigns, especially in rural areas. Conclusion: While a significant portion of the population in District Mandi exhibits good knowledge of prostate cancer, disparities persist, particularly among those with fair or poor knowledge. This study highlights the importance of tailored educational initiatives and community outreach to bridge knowledge gaps and improve overall awareness.

Menopause is a natural phase in a woman's life marked by hormonal changes and significant physiological, psychological, and social effects. Despite its universal nature, menopausal experiences vary due to cultural and geographical differences. Limited awareness about menopause can lead to health challenges and decreased quality of life for women. This study aimed to assess the awareness regarding the menopausal phenomenon among menopausal women in District Sirmaur, Himachal Pradesh. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the District of Sirmaur, Himachal Pradesh, between April 2023 and July 2023. A sample of 400 menopausal women was selected using convenience and snowball sampling techniques. A structured Google form questionnaire comprising questions about socio-demographics and menopausal phenomenon knowledge was used. Data was analyzed using Epi Info V7 Software. Results: Out of the 400 respondents, 135 (33.75%) were from urban areas and 265 (66.25%) were from rural areas. The knowledge assessment showed that 69.5% knew that menstruation stops suddenly at menopause, 30.75% believed thin women become menopausal sooner, 71.75% experienced hot flashes, and 78% believed menopause symptoms are preventable. Additionally, 66.75% recognized that menopause increases osteoporosis risk, while 79.25% endorsed the benefits of recreational activities and yoga during menopause. Overall, 31% had very good knowledge, 41.25% had good knowledge, 16.5% had fair knowledge, and 11.25% had poor knowledge. Conclusion: The study underscores the variable knowledge levels among menopausal women in District Sirmaur, Himachal Pradesh. While certain aspects of menopause are well-understood, misconceptions persist. This study emphasizes the importance of targeted educational programs to dispel myths and promote accurate information about menopause and its effects.

Background: Family planning is essential for reproductive health and enables individuals to make informed decisions about pregnancy timing and spacing. Despite efforts to improve knowledge, gaps exist in understanding family planning methods among women. This study aims to assess the level of knowledge about family planning methods among women attending Civil Hospital Theog, Himachal Pradesh. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted at the outpatient department of Civil Hospital Theog between March and June 2023. A convenience sampling technique was used, and 400 women above 18 years participated. Data were collected using a questionnaire assessing knowledge related to family planning methods. Validity of the tool was ensured, and data analysis was performed using Epi Info V7 Software. Results: The study found that 32% of participants had very good knowledge, 41.25% had good knowledge, 17.75% had fair knowledge, and 9.0% had poor knowledge about family planning methods. Notably, 80.75% correctly identified the purpose of family planning, and 72% named three common contraceptive methods. However, knowledge regarding hormonal contraception and its types was relatively lower, with 38% and 39% of participants providing correct responses, respectively. Conclusion: The study highlights the need for targeted educational interventions to improve knowledge about family planning methods among women in the region. Enhancing understanding of contraceptive methods, including hormonal contraception, and addressing gaps in knowledge will empower individuals to make informed decisions and improve reproductive health outcomes.

Background: Hearing impairment is a significant health concern that affects individuals of all ages and can have a profound impact on their quality of life. This research article aims to evaluate the knowledge about hearing impairment among patients attending the outpatient department of Civil Hospital Jogindernagar, Himachal Pradesh. Material and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted “between” January 2023- April 2023 among the patients attending civil hospital Jogindernagar, Himachal Pradesh and selected by convenience sampling technique. Data was collected through face-to-face interview using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using epi info v7 software using appropriate statistical tests.Results: A total of 400 respondents including 250 (62.5%) male patients and 150 (37.5%) female patients were participated in the study. Among the total, 127 (31.75%) were from urban area and 273 (68.25%) were from rural area. In the present study 31.5% (126)  participants had very good knowledge (16-20 marks) towards Hearing impairment, 34.75% (139) had good knowledge (12-15 marks), 25.5%(102) had fair knowledge (8-11 marks) and 8.25% (33) having poor knowledge  (<8 marks). Conclusion: The findings suggest that while a considerable percentage of participants exhibited good and very good knowledge, there remains a portion with fair or poor knowledge about hearing impairment. These results highlight the need for continued and targeted patient education initiatives to enhance awareness, early detection, and appropriate management of hearing impairment in the region.

Understanding the perception of patients regarding recurrent sore throat is crucial for effective management and improved patient outcomes. This cross-sectional study aims to investigate the perception of patients attending the outpatient department of Civil Hospital Jogindernagar, Himachal Pradesh, regarding recurrent sore throat. Material and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted between January 2023- April 2023 among the patients attending civil hospital Jogindernagar, Himachal Pradesh and selected by convenience sampling technique. Data was collected through face-to-face interview using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using epi info v7 software using appropriate statistical tests. Results: A total of 400 respondents including 282 (70.5%) male patients and 118 (39.5%) female patients were participated in the study. Among the total, 137 (34.25%) were from urban area and 263 (65.75%) were from rural area. In the present study 27.25% (109) participants had very good knowledge (16-20 marks) towards recurrent sore throat., 40.75% (163) had good knowledge (12-15 marks), 25.25%(101) had fair knowledge (8-11 marks) and 6.75% (27) having poor knowledge (<8 marks). Conclusion: The findings indicate that while a significant percentage of participants demonstrated good and very good knowledge, a notable proportion still exhibited fair or poor knowledge about the condition. Efforts to educate patients about recurrent sore throat appear to have made some positive impact, but there remains a need for ongoing patient education initiatives to address knowledge gaps and misconceptions.

Background/Aim: Laparoscopic surgery has been used routinely in all surgical branches in recent years. Pneumoperitoneum created by inflating the abdomen with carbon dioxide during laparoscopy is the most common iatrogenic cause of increased intra-abdominal pressure. In this study, the effect of pneumoperitenium formed in laparoscopic surgery on kidney functions in morbidly obese patients was evaluated. Materials and Methods: Renal functions of 40 patients who were morbidly obese (Body Mass Index greater than 40 kg/m2) in our center were evaluated after abdominal surgery by laparoscopic or open. Laparoscopic abdominal surgery was performed in 20 of the patients. Results: There was no statistically significant difference postoperatively first day blood urea, sodium, potassium, creatinine and creatinine clearance values between the groups that underwent laparoscopic or open abdominal surgery in morbidly obese patients. Conclusion: In this study, no negative effect of pneumoperitoneum formed in laparoscopic abdominal surgeries performed on morbidly obese patients was found on kidney functions.